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We will explore the softare packages normally present in Debian server editions (namely Debian 12).
Debian and Ubuntu has some differences in classifications, so there are 2 separate tutorials for them.
Debian has around 60.000 software packages (a huge number).
These packages can be classified in a lot of ways. But for this tutorial we are going to use the priority values for the classification.
The priority values range from "required" to "extra", and they are defined as follows:
required: Essential packages that are necessary for the proper functioning of the system, such as the kernel, basic system utilities, and essential libraries.
important: Important packages that are not strictly necessary for basic system operation but are still considered essential for most users. These may include important system administration tools or libraries.
standard: Packages that provide a reasonably small but not essential subset of the Debian system. These packages are typically included in most installations.
optional: Additional packages that are not necessary for the basic system operation but provide additional functionality or applications that many users may find useful.
extra: Packages that are not officially part of the Debian distribution but are available in the Debian repositories. These packages may include experimental or third-party software.
I have added 2 more categories; necessary and extra-necessary.
necessary: These packages are depended by required, important, and standard packages, but don't exist in one of those groups.
extra-necessary: These packages are depended by necessary packages, but don't # exist in one of other 4 groups. Ubuntu does not have any extra-necessary packages.
We are going to explore required, important, standard, necessary and extra-necessary software packages.
I prefer using the following template for my documentation
Debian's description of the package as in the package file.
The package is depended on these packages, that it, it requires them to install and work.
Configuration files supplied with the package, generally under /etc/ folder.
Executable files supplied with the package, generally under /bin, /sbin, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin folders.
This tutorial is generated semi-automatically by using apt-cache, apt-file, and aptitude commands. And with a little help from ChatGPT.
List Required packages:
aptitude search '?priority(required)'
You may need to install the aptitude package:
sudo apt update
sudo apt install aptitude --yes
List Important packages:
aptitude search '?priority(important)'
List Standard packages:
aptitude search '?priority(standard)'
List details of a package (description, depended packages, etc):
apt-cache show base-files --no-all-versions
List files contained by a package
apt-file list base-files
You may need to install the apt-file package:
sudo apt update
sudo apt install apt-file --yes
You also need to update apt-file cache
sudo apt-file update
These are the (very) essential packages. You may expect them in every Debian installation.
At my last check, the following packages are marked as required:
apt: commandline package manager
base-files: Debian base system miscellaneous files
base-passwd: Debian base system master password and group files
bash: GNU Bourne Again SHell
bsdutils: basic utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite
coreutils: GNU core utilities
dash: POSIX-compliant shell
debconf: Debian configuration management system
debianutils: Miscellaneous utilities specific to Debian
diffutils: File comparison utilities
dpkg: Debian package management system
e2fsprogs: ext2/ext3/ext4 file system utilities
findutils: utilities for finding files--find, xargs
grep: GNU grep, egrep and fgrep
gzip: GNU compression utilities
hostname: utility to set/show the host name or domain name
init-system-helpers: helper tools for all init systems
libc-bin: GNU C Library: Binaries
libpam-modules: Pluggable Authentication Modules for PAM
libpam-modules-bin: Pluggable Authentication Modules for PAM - helper binaries
libpam-runtime: Runtime support for the PAM library
login: system login tools
mawk: Pattern scanning and text processing language
mount: tools for mounting and manipulating filesystems
ncurses-base: basic terminal type definitions
ncurses-bin: terminal-related programs and man pages
passwd: change and administer password and group data
perl-base: minimal Perl system
sed: GNU stream editor for filtering/transforming text
sysvinit-utils: System-V-like utilities
tar: GNU version of the tar archiving utility
tzdata: time zone and daylight-saving time data
util-linux: miscellaneous system utilities
commandline package manager
This package provides commandline tools for searching and
managing as well as querying information about packages
as a low-level access to all features of the libapt-pkg library.
.
These include:
apt-get for retrieval of packages and information about them
from authenticated sources and for installation, upgrade and
removal of packages together with their dependencies
apt-cache for querying available information about installed
as well as installable packages
apt-cdrom to use removable media as a source for packages
apt-config as an interface to the configuration settings
apt-key as an interface to manage authentication keys
adduser
debian-archive-keyring
gpgv
libapt-pkg6.0
libc6
libgcc-s1
libgnutls30
libseccomp2
libstdc++6
libsystemd0
/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/01autoremove
/etc/cron.daily/apt-compat
/etc/logrotate.d/apt
/usr/bin/apt
/usr/bin/apt-cache
/usr/bin/apt-cdrom
/usr/bin/apt-config
/usr/bin/apt-get
/usr/bin/apt-key
/usr/bin/apt-mark
Debian base system miscellaneous files
This package contains the basic filesystem hierarchy of a Debian system, and
several important miscellaneous files, such as /etc/debian_version,
/etc/host.conf, /etc/issue, /etc/motd, /etc/profile, and others,
and the text of several common licenses in use on Debian systems.
awk
/etc/debian_version
/etc/dpkg/origins/debian
/etc/host.conf
/etc/issue
/etc/issue.net
/etc/os-release
/etc/update-motd.d/10-uname
(None)
Debian base system master password and group files
These are the canonical master copies of the user database files
(/etc/passwd and /etc/group), containing the Debian-allocated user and
group IDs. The update-passwd tool is provided to keep the system databases
synchronized with these master files.
libc6
libdebconfclient0
libselinux1
(None)
/usr/sbin/update-passwd
GNU Bourne Again SHell
Bash is an sh-compatible command language interpreter that executes
commands read from the standard input or from a file. Bash also
incorporates useful features from the Korn and C shells (ksh and csh).
.
Bash is ultimately intended to be a conformant implementation of the
IEEE POSIX Shell and Tools specification (IEEE Working Group 1003.2).
.
The Programmable Completion Code, by Ian Macdonald, is now found in
the bash-completion package.
base-files
debianutils
libc6
libtinfo6
/etc/bash.bashrc
/etc/skel/.bash_logout
/etc/skel/.bashrc
/etc/skel/.profile
/bin/bash
/bin/rbash
/usr/bin/bashbug
/usr/bin/clear_console
basic utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite
This package contains the bare minimum of BSD utilities needed for a Debian
system: logger, renice, script, scriptlive, scriptreplay and wall. The
remaining standard BSD utilities are provided by bsdextrautils.
libc6
libsystemd0
(None)
/usr/bin/logger
/usr/bin/renice
/usr/bin/script
/usr/bin/scriptlive
/usr/bin/scriptreplay
/usr/bin/wall
GNU core utilities
This package contains the basic file, shell and text manipulation
utilities which are expected to exist on every operating system.
.
Specifically, this package includes:
arch base64 basename cat chcon chgrp chmod chown chroot cksum comm cp
csplit cut date dd df dir dircolors dirname du echo env expand expr
factor false flock fmt fold groups head hostid id install join link ln
logname ls md5sum mkdir mkfifo mknod mktemp mv nice nl nohup nproc numfmt
od paste pathchk pinky pr printenv printf ptx pwd readlink realpath rm
rmdir runcon sha*sum seq shred sleep sort split stat stty sum sync tac
tail tee test timeout touch tr true truncate tsort tty uname unexpand
uniq unlink users vdir wc who whoami yes
libacl1
libattr1
libc6
libgmp10
libselinux1
(None)
/bin/cat
/bin/chgrp
/bin/chmod
/bin/chown
/bin/cp
/bin/date
/bin/dd
/bin/df
/bin/dir
/bin/echo
/bin/false
/bin/ln
/bin/ls
/bin/mkdir
/bin/mknod
/bin/mktemp
/bin/mv
/bin/pwd
/bin/readlink
/bin/rm
/bin/rmdir
/bin/sleep
/bin/stty
/bin/sync
/bin/touch
/bin/true
/bin/uname
/bin/vdir
/usr/bin/[
/usr/bin/arch
/usr/bin/b2sum
/usr/bin/base32
/usr/bin/base64
/usr/bin/basename
/usr/bin/basenc
/usr/bin/chcon
/usr/bin/cksum
/usr/bin/comm
/usr/bin/csplit
/usr/bin/cut
/usr/bin/dircolors
/usr/bin/dirname
/usr/bin/du
/usr/bin/env
/usr/bin/expand
/usr/bin/expr
/usr/bin/factor
/usr/bin/fmt
/usr/bin/fold
/usr/bin/groups
/usr/bin/head
/usr/bin/hostid
/usr/bin/id
/usr/bin/install
/usr/bin/join
/usr/bin/link
/usr/bin/logname
/usr/bin/md5sum
/usr/bin/md5sum.textutils
/usr/bin/mkfifo
/usr/bin/nice
/usr/bin/nl
/usr/bin/nohup
/usr/bin/nproc
/usr/bin/numfmt
/usr/bin/od
/usr/bin/paste
/usr/bin/pathchk
/usr/bin/pinky
/usr/bin/pr
/usr/bin/printenv
/usr/bin/printf
/usr/bin/ptx
/usr/bin/realpath
/usr/bin/runcon
/usr/bin/seq
/usr/bin/sha1sum
/usr/bin/sha224sum
/usr/bin/sha256sum
/usr/bin/sha384sum
/usr/bin/sha512sum
/usr/bin/shred
/usr/bin/shuf
/usr/bin/sort
/usr/bin/split
/usr/bin/stat
/usr/bin/stdbuf
/usr/bin/sum
/usr/bin/tac
/usr/bin/tail
/usr/bin/tee
/usr/bin/test
/usr/bin/timeout
/usr/bin/tr
/usr/bin/truncate
/usr/bin/tsort
/usr/bin/tty
/usr/bin/unexpand
/usr/bin/uniq
/usr/bin/unlink
/usr/bin/users
/usr/bin/wc
/usr/bin/who
/usr/bin/whoami
/usr/bin/yes
/usr/sbin/chroot
POSIX-compliant shell
The Debian Almquist Shell (dash) is a POSIX-compliant shell derived
from ash.
.
Since it executes scripts faster than bash, and has fewer library
dependencies (making it more robust against software or hardware
failures), it is used as the default system shell on Debian systems.
debianutils
dpkg
libc6
(None)
/bin/dash
/bin/sh
Debian configuration management system
Debconf is a configuration management system for debian packages. Packages
use Debconf to ask questions when they are installed.
(None)
/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/70debconf
/etc/debconf.conf
/usr/bin/debconf
/usr/bin/debconf-apt-progress
/usr/bin/debconf-communicate
/usr/bin/debconf-copydb
/usr/bin/debconf-escape
/usr/bin/debconf-set-selections
/usr/bin/debconf-show
/usr/sbin/dpkg-preconfigure
/usr/sbin/dpkg-reconfigure
Miscellaneous utilities specific to Debian
This package provides a number of small utilities which are used
primarily by the installation scripts of Debian packages, although
you may use them directly.
.
The specific utilities included are:
add-shell installkernel ischroot remove-shell run-parts savelog
update-shells which
libc6
(None)
/bin/run-parts
/bin/tempfile
/sbin/installkernel
/usr/bin/ischroot
/usr/bin/savelog
/usr/bin/which.debianutils
/usr/sbin/add-shell
/usr/sbin/remove-shell
/usr/sbin/update-shells
File comparison utilities
The diffutils package provides the diff, diff3, sdiff, and cmp programs.
.
diff shows differences between two files, or each corresponding file
in two directories. cmp shows the offsets and line numbers where
two files differ. cmp can also show all the characters that
differ between the two files, side by side. diff3 shows differences
among three files. sdiff merges two files interactively.
.
The set of differences produced by diff can be used to distribute
updates to text files (such as program source code) to other people.
This method is especially useful when the differences are small compared
to the complete files. Given diff output, the patch program can
update, or "patch", a copy of the file.
libc6
(None)
/usr/bin/cmp
/usr/bin/diff
/usr/bin/diff3
/usr/bin/sdiff
Debian package management system
This package provides the low-level infrastructure for handling the
installation and removal of Debian software packages.
.
For Debian package development tools, install dpkg-dev.
libbz2-1.0
libc6
liblzma5
libmd0
libselinux1
libzstd1
tar
zlib1g
/etc/alternatives/README
/etc/cron.daily/dpkg
/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg
/etc/logrotate.d/alternatives
/etc/logrotate.d/dpkg
/sbin/start-stop-daemon
/usr/bin/dpkg
/usr/bin/dpkg-deb
/usr/bin/dpkg-divert
/usr/bin/dpkg-maintscript-helper
/usr/bin/dpkg-query
/usr/bin/dpkg-realpath
/usr/bin/dpkg-split
/usr/bin/dpkg-statoverride
/usr/bin/dpkg-trigger
/usr/bin/update-alternatives
/usr/sbin/dpkg-fsys-usrunmess
ext2/ext3/ext4 file system utilities
The ext2, ext3 and ext4 file systems are successors of the original ext
("extended") file system. They are the main file system types used for
hard disks on Debian and other Linux systems.
.
This package contains programs for creating, checking, and maintaining
ext2/3/4-based file systems. It also includes the "badblocks" program,
which can be used to scan for bad blocks on a disk or other storage device.
libblkid1
libc6
libcom-err2
libext2fs2
libss2
libuuid1
logsave
/etc/cron.d/e2scrub_all
/etc/e2scrub.conf
/etc/mke2fs.conf
/sbin/badblocks
/sbin/debugfs
/sbin/dumpe2fs
/sbin/e2fsck
/sbin/e2image
/sbin/e2label
/sbin/e2mmpstatus
/sbin/e2scrub
/sbin/e2scrub_all
/sbin/e2undo
/sbin/fsck.ext2
/sbin/fsck.ext3
/sbin/fsck.ext4
/sbin/mke2fs
/sbin/mkfs.ext2
/sbin/mkfs.ext3
/sbin/mkfs.ext4
/sbin/resize2fs
/sbin/tune2fs
/usr/bin/chattr
/usr/bin/lsattr
/usr/sbin/e2freefrag
/usr/sbin/e4crypt
/usr/sbin/e4defrag
/usr/sbin/filefrag
/usr/sbin/mklost+found
utilities for finding files--find, xargs
GNU findutils provides utilities to find files meeting specified
criteria and perform various actions on the files which are found.
This package contains 'find' and 'xargs'; however, 'locate' has
been split off into a separate package.
libc6
libselinux1
(None)
/usr/bin/find
/usr/bin/xargs
GNU grep, egrep and fgrep
grep is a utility to search for text in files; it can be used from the
command line or in scripts. Even if you dont want to use it, other packages
on your system probably will.
.
The GNU family of grep utilities may be the "fastest grep in the west".
GNU grep is based on a fast lazy-state deterministic matcher (about
twice as fast as stock Unix egrep) hybridized with a Boyer-Moore-Gosper
search for a fixed string that eliminates impossible text from being
considered by the full regexp matcher without necessarily having to
look at every character. The result is typically many times faster
than Unix grep or egrep. (Regular expressions containing backreferencing
will run more slowly, however.)
dpkg
libc6
libpcre2-8-0
(None)
/bin/egrep
/bin/fgrep
/bin/grep
/usr/bin/rgrep
GNU compression utilities
This package provides the standard GNU file compression utilities, which
are also the default compression tools for Debian. They typically operate
on files with names ending in '.gz', but can also decompress files ending
in '.Z' created with 'compress'.
dpkg
libc6
(None)
/bin/gunzip
/bin/gzexe
/bin/gzip
/bin/uncompress
/bin/zcat
/bin/zcmp
/bin/zdiff
/bin/zegrep
/bin/zfgrep
/bin/zforce
/bin/zgrep
/bin/zless
/bin/zmore
/bin/znew
utility to set/show the host name or domain name
This package provides commands which can be used to display the system's
DNS name, and to display or set its hostname or NIS domain name.
libc6
(None)
/bin/dnsdomainname
/bin/domainname
/bin/hostname
/bin/nisdomainname
/bin/ypdomainname
helper tools for all init systems
This package contains helper tools that are necessary for switching between
the various init systems that Debian contains (e. g. sysvinit or
systemd). An example is deb-systemd-helper, a script that enables systemd unit
files without depending on a running systemd.
.
It also includes the "service", "invoke-rc.d", and "update-rc.d" scripts which
provide an abstraction for enabling, disabling, starting, and stopping
services for all supported Debian init systems as specified by the policy.
.
While this package is maintained by pkg-systemd-maintainers, it is NOT
specific to systemd at all. Maintainers of other init systems are welcome to
include their helpers in this package.
usrmerge
(None)
/usr/bin/deb-systemd-helper
/usr/bin/deb-systemd-invoke
/usr/sbin/invoke-rc.d
/usr/sbin/service
/usr/sbin/update-rc.d
GNU C Library: Binaries
This package contains utility programs related to the GNU C Library.
.
getconf: query system configuration variables
getent: get entries from administrative databases
iconv, iconvconfig: convert between character encodings
ldd, ldconfig: print/configure shared library dependencies
locale, localedef: show/generate locale definitions
tzselect, zdump, zic: select/dump/compile time zones
libc6
/etc/bindresvport.blacklist
/etc/default/nss
/etc/gai.conf
/etc/ld.so.conf
/etc/ld.so.conf.d/libc.conf
/sbin/ldconfig
/usr/bin/getconf
/usr/bin/getent
/usr/bin/iconv
/usr/bin/ld.so
/usr/bin/ldd
/usr/bin/locale
/usr/bin/localedef
/usr/bin/pldd
/usr/bin/tzselect
/usr/bin/zdump
/usr/sbin/iconvconfig
/usr/sbin/zic
Pluggable Authentication Modules for PAM
This package completes the set of modules for PAM. It includes the
pam_unix.so module as well as some specialty modules.
debconf
libaudit1
libc6
libcrypt1
libdb5.3
libpam-modules-bin
libpam0g
libselinux1
/etc/security/access.conf
/etc/security/faillock.conf
/etc/security/group.conf
/etc/security/limits.conf
/etc/security/namespace.conf
/etc/security/namespace.init
/etc/security/pam_env.conf
/etc/security/sepermit.conf
/etc/security/time.conf
(None)
Pluggable Authentication Modules for PAM - helper binaries
This package contains helper binaries used by the standard set of PAM
modules in the libpam-modules package.
libaudit1
libc6
libcrypt1
libpam0g
libselinux1
(None)
/sbin/mkhomedir_helper
/sbin/pam_namespace_helper
/sbin/pwhistory_helper
/sbin/unix_chkpwd
/sbin/unix_update
/usr/sbin/faillock
/usr/sbin/pam_timestamp_check
Runtime support for the PAM library
Contains configuration files and directories required for
authentication to work on Debian systems. This package is required
on almost all installations.
debconf
libpam-modules
/etc/pam.conf
/etc/pam.d/other
/usr/sbin/pam-auth-update
/usr/sbin/pam_getenv
system login tools
This package provides some required infrastructure for logins and for
changing effective user or group IDs, including:
login, the program that invokes a user shell on a virtual terminal;
nologin, a dummy shell for disabled user accounts;
libaudit1
libc6
libcrypt1
libpam-modules
libpam-runtime
libpam0g
/etc/login.defs
/etc/pam.d/login
/bin/login
/usr/bin/faillog
/usr/bin/lastlog
/usr/bin/newgrp
/usr/bin/sg
/usr/sbin/nologin
Pattern scanning and text processing language
Mawk is an interpreter for the AWK Programming Language. The AWK
language is useful for manipulation of data files, text retrieval and
processing, and for prototyping and experimenting with algorithms. Mawk
is a new awk meaning it implements the AWK language as defined in Aho,
Kernighan and Weinberger, The AWK Programming Language, Addison-Wesley
Publishing, 1988. (Hereafter referred to as the AWK book.) Mawk conforms
to the POSIX 1003.2 (draft 11.3) definition of the AWK language
which contains a few features not described in the AWK book, and mawk
provides a small number of extensions.
.
Mawk is smaller and much faster than gawk. It has some compile-time
limits such as NF = 32767 and sprintf buffer = 1020.
libc6
(None)
/usr/bin/mawk
tools for mounting and manipulating filesystems
This package provides the mount(8), umount(8), swapon(8),
swapoff(8), and losetup(8) commands.
libblkid1
libc6
libmount1
libselinux1
libsmartcols1
(None)
/bin/mount
/bin/umount
/sbin/losetup
/sbin/swapoff
/sbin/swapon
basic terminal type definitions
The ncurses library routines are a terminal-independent method of
updating character screens with reasonable optimization.
.
This package contains terminfo data files to support the most common types of
terminal, including ansi, dumb, linux, rxvt, screen, sun, vt100, vt102, vt220,
vt52, and xterm.
(None)
/etc/terminfo/README
(None)
terminal-related programs and man pages
The ncurses library routines are a terminal-independent method of
updating character screens with reasonable optimization.
.
This package contains the programs used for manipulating the terminfo
database and individual terminfo entries, as well as some programs for
resetting terminals and such.
libc6
libtinfo6
(None)
/usr/bin/captoinfo
/usr/bin/clear
/usr/bin/infocmp
/usr/bin/infotocap
/usr/bin/reset
/usr/bin/tabs
/usr/bin/tic
/usr/bin/toe
/usr/bin/tput
/usr/bin/tset
change and administer password and group data
This package includes passwd, chsh, chfn, and many other programs to
maintain password and group data.
.
Shadow passwords are supported. See /usr/share/doc/passwd/README.Debian
libaudit1
libc6
libcrypt1
libpam-modules
libpam0g
libselinux1
libsemanage2
/etc/default/useradd
/etc/pam.d/chfn
/etc/pam.d/chpasswd
/etc/pam.d/chsh
/etc/pam.d/newusers
/etc/pam.d/passwd
/sbin/shadowconfig
/usr/bin/chage
/usr/bin/chfn
/usr/bin/chsh
/usr/bin/expiry
/usr/bin/gpasswd
/usr/bin/passwd
/usr/sbin/chgpasswd
/usr/sbin/chpasswd
/usr/sbin/cpgr
/usr/sbin/cppw
/usr/sbin/groupadd
/usr/sbin/groupdel
/usr/sbin/groupmems
/usr/sbin/groupmod
/usr/sbin/grpck
/usr/sbin/grpconv
/usr/sbin/grpunconv
/usr/sbin/newusers
/usr/sbin/pwck
/usr/sbin/pwconv
/usr/sbin/pwunconv
/usr/sbin/useradd
/usr/sbin/userdel
/usr/sbin/usermod
/usr/sbin/vigr
/usr/sbin/vipw
minimal Perl system
Perl is a scripting language used in many system scripts and utilities.
.
This package provides a Perl interpreter and the small subset of the
standard run-time library required to perform basic tasks. For a full
Perl installation, install "perl" (and its dependencies, "perl-modules-5.36"
and "perl-doc").
dpkg
libc6
libcrypt1
(None)
/usr/bin/perl
/usr/bin/perl5.36.0
GNU stream editor for filtering/transforming text
sed reads the specified files or the standard input if no
files are specified, makes editing changes according to a
list of commands, and writes the results to the standard
output.
libacl1
libc6
libselinux1
(None)
/bin/sed
System-V-like utilities
This package contains the important System-V-like utilities.
.
Specifically, this package includes:
init-d-script, fstab-decode, killall5, pidof
.
It also contains the library scripts sourced by init-d-script and other
initscripts that were formally in lsb-base.
libc6
(None)
/bin/pidof
/sbin/fstab-decode
/sbin/killall5
GNU version of the tar archiving utility
Tar is a program for packaging a set of files as a single archive in tar
format. The function it performs is conceptually similar to cpio, and to
things like PKZIP in the DOS world. It is heavily used by the Debian package
management system, and is useful for performing system backups and exchanging
sets of files with others.
libacl1
libc6
libselinux1
/etc/rmt
/bin/tar
/usr/sbin/rmt-tar
/usr/sbin/tarcat
time zone and daylight-saving time data
This package contains data required for the implementation of
standard local time for many representative locations around the
globe. It is updated periodically to reflect changes made by
political bodies to time zone boundaries, UTC offsets, and
daylight-saving rules.
debconf
(None)
(None)
miscellaneous system utilities
This package contains a number of important utilities, most of which
are oriented towards maintenance of your system. Some of the more
important utilities included in this package allow you to view kernel
messages, create new filesystems, view block device information,
interface with real time clock, etc.
libblkid1
libc6
libcap-ng0
libcrypt1
libmount1
libpam0g
libselinux1
libsmartcols1
libsystemd0
libtinfo6
libudev1
libuuid1
util-linux-extra
zlib1g
/etc/pam.d/runuser
/etc/pam.d/runuser-l
/etc/pam.d/su
/etc/pam.d/su-l
/bin/dmesg
/bin/findmnt
/bin/lsblk
/bin/more
/bin/mountpoint
/bin/su
/bin/wdctl
/sbin/agetty
/sbin/blkdiscard
/sbin/blkid
/sbin/blkzone
/sbin/blockdev
/sbin/chcpu
/sbin/ctrlaltdel
/sbin/findfs
/sbin/fsck
/sbin/fsck.cramfs
/sbin/fsck.minix
/sbin/fsfreeze
/sbin/fstrim
/sbin/getty
/sbin/isosize
/sbin/mkfs
/sbin/mkfs.bfs
/sbin/mkfs.cramfs
/sbin/mkfs.minix
/sbin/mkswap
/sbin/pivot_root
/sbin/runuser
/sbin/sulogin
/sbin/swaplabel
/sbin/switch_root
/sbin/wipefs
/sbin/zramctl
/usr/bin/addpart
/usr/bin/choom
/usr/bin/chrt
/usr/bin/delpart
/usr/bin/fallocate
/usr/bin/flock
/usr/bin/getopt
/usr/bin/hardlink
/usr/bin/i386
/usr/bin/ionice
/usr/bin/ipcmk
/usr/bin/ipcrm
/usr/bin/ipcs
/usr/bin/last
/usr/bin/lastb
/usr/bin/linux32
/usr/bin/linux64
/usr/bin/lscpu
/usr/bin/lsipc
/usr/bin/lslocks
/usr/bin/lslogins
/usr/bin/lsmem
/usr/bin/lsns
/usr/bin/mcookie
/usr/bin/mesg
/usr/bin/namei
/usr/bin/nsenter
/usr/bin/partx
/usr/bin/prlimit
/usr/bin/rename.ul
/usr/bin/resizepart
/usr/bin/rev
/usr/bin/setarch
/usr/bin/setpriv
/usr/bin/setsid
/usr/bin/setterm
/usr/bin/taskset
/usr/bin/uclampset
/usr/bin/unshare
/usr/bin/utmpdump
/usr/bin/whereis
/usr/bin/x86_64
/usr/sbin/chmem
/usr/sbin/ldattach
/usr/sbin/readprofile
/usr/sbin/rtcwake
These are the important packages. You may expect them in (almost) every Debian installation.
At my last check, the following packages are marked as important:
adduser: add and remove users and groups
apt-utils: package management related utility programs
cpio: GNU cpio -- a program to manage archives of files
cron: process scheduling daemon
cron-daemon-common: process scheduling daemon's configuration files
debconf-i18n: full internationalization support for debconf
debian-archive-keyring: GnuPG archive keys of the Debian archive
dmidecode: SMBIOS/DMI table decoder
fdisk: collection of partitioning utilities
gpgv: GNU privacy guard - signature verification tool
ifupdown: high level tools to configure network interfaces
init: metapackage ensuring an init system is installed
iproute2: networking and traffic control tools
iputils-ping: Tools to test the reachability of network hosts
isc-dhcp-client: DHCP client for automatically obtaining an IP address
isc-dhcp-common: common manpages relevant to all of the isc-dhcp packages
kmod: tools for managing Linux kernel modules
less: pager program similar to more
logrotate: Log rotation utility
nano: small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico
netbase: Basic TCP/IP networking system
nftables: Program to control packet filtering rules by Netfilter project
procps: /proc file system utilities
readline-common: GNU readline and history libraries, common files
sensible-utils: Utilities for sensible alternative selection
systemd: system and service manager
systemd-sysv: system and service manager - SysV compatibility symlinks
tasksel-data: official tasks used for installation of Debian systems
udev: /dev/ and hotplug management daemon
vim-common: Vi IMproved - Common files
vim-tiny: Vi IMproved - enhanced vi editor - compact version
whiptail: Displays user-friendly dialog boxes from shell scripts
add and remove users and groups
This package includes the 'adduser' and 'deluser' commands for creating
and removing users.
.
'adduser' creates new users and groups and adds existing users to
existing groups;
'deluser' removes users and groups and removes users from a given
group.
.
Adding users with 'adduser' is much easier than adding them manually.
'Adduser' will choose UID and GID values that conform to Debian policy,
create a home directory, copy skeletal user configuration, and
automate setting initial values for the user's password, real name
and so on.
.
'Deluser' can back up and remove users' home directories
and mail spool or all the files they own on the system.
.
A custom script can be executed after each of the commands.
.
'Adduser' and 'Deluser' are intended to be used by the local
administrator in lieu of the tools from the 'useradd' suite, and
they provide support for easy use from Debian package maintainer
scripts, functioning as kind of a policy layer to make those scripts
easier and more stable to write and maintain.
passwd
/etc/adduser.conf
/etc/deluser.conf
/usr/sbin/addgroup
/usr/sbin/adduser
/usr/sbin/delgroup
/usr/sbin/deluser
package management related utility programs
This package contains some less used commandline utilities related
to package management with APT.
.
apt-extracttemplates is used by debconf to prompt for configuration
questions before installation.
apt-ftparchive is used to create Packages and other index files
needed to publish an archive of Debian packages
apt-sortpkgs is a Packages/Sources file normalizer.
apt
libapt-pkg6.0
libc6
libdb5.3
libgcc-s1
libstdc++6
(None)
/usr/bin/apt-extracttemplates
/usr/bin/apt-ftparchive
/usr/bin/apt-sortpkgs
GNU cpio -- a program to manage archives of files
GNU cpio is a tool for creating and extracting archives, or copying
files from one place to another. It handles a number of cpio formats
as well as reading and writing tar files.
libc6
(None)
/bin/cpio
/bin/mt-gnu
process scheduling daemon
The cron daemon is a background process that runs particular programs at
particular times (for example, every minute, day, week, or month), as
specified in a crontab. By default, users may also create crontabs of
their own so that processes are run on their behalf.
.
Output from the commands is usually mailed to the system administrator
(or to the user in question); you should probably install a mail system
as well so that you can receive these messages.
.
This cron package does not provide any system maintenance tasks. Basic
periodic maintenance tasks are provided by other packages, such
as checksecurity.
cron-daemon-common
init-system-helpers
libc6
libpam-runtime
libpam0g
libselinux1
sensible-utils
/etc/default/cron
/etc/init.d/cron
/etc/pam.d/cron
/usr/bin/crontab
/usr/bin/crontab
/usr/bin/crontab
/usr/sbin/cron
process scheduling daemon's configuration files
The cron daemon is a background process that runs particular programs at
particular times (for example, every minute, day, week, or month), as
specified in a crontab. By default, users may also create crontabs of
their own so that processes are run on their behalf.
.
This package provides configuration files which must be there to
define scheduled process sets.
adduser
/etc/cron.d/.placeholder
/etc/cron.daily/.placeholder
/etc/cron.hourly/.placeholder
/etc/cron.monthly/.placeholder
/etc/cron.weekly/.placeholder
/etc/cron.yearly/.placeholder
/etc/crontab
(None)
full internationalization support for debconf
This package provides full internationalization for debconf, including
translations into all available languages, support for using translated
debconf templates, and support for proper display of multibyte character
sets.
debconf
liblocale-gettext-perl
libtext-charwidth-perl
libtext-iconv-perl
libtext-wrapi18n-perl
(None)
(None)
GnuPG archive keys of the Debian archive
The Debian project digitally signs its Release files. This package
contains the archive keys used for that.
(None)
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-bookworm-automatic.asc
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-bookworm-security-automatic.asc
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-bookworm-stable.asc
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-bullseye-automatic.asc
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-bullseye-security-automatic.asc
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-bullseye-stable.asc
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-buster-automatic.asc
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-buster-security-automatic.asc
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/debian-archive-buster-stable.asc
(None)
SMBIOS/DMI table decoder
Dmidecode reports information about the system's hardware as described in the
system BIOS according to the SMBIOS/DMI standard.
.
This information typically includes system manufacturer, model name, serial
number, BIOS version, asset tag as well as a lot of other details of varying
level of interest and reliability depending on the manufacturer. This will
often include usage status for the CPU sockets, expansion slots (e.g. AGP, PCI,
ISA) and memory module slots, and the list of I/O ports (e.g. serial, parallel,
USB).
.
Beware that DMI data have proven to be too unreliable to be blindly trusted.
Dmidecode does not scan the hardware, it only reports what the BIOS told it to.
libc6
(None)
/usr/sbin/biosdecode
/usr/sbin/dmidecode
/usr/sbin/ownership
/usr/sbin/vpddecode
collection of partitioning utilities
This package contains the classic fdisk, sfdisk and cfdisk partitioning
utilities from the util-linux suite.
.
The utilities included in this package allow you to partition
your hard disk. The utilities supports both modern and legacy
partition tables (eg. GPT, MBR, etc).
.
The fdisk utility is the classical text-mode utility.
The cfdisk utilitity gives a more userfriendly curses based interface.
The sfdisk utility is mostly for automation and scripting uses.
libc6
libfdisk1
libmount1
libncursesw6
libreadline8
libsmartcols1
libtinfo6
(None)
/sbin/cfdisk
/sbin/fdisk
/sbin/sfdisk
GNU privacy guard - signature verification tool
GnuPG is GNU's tool for secure communication and data storage.
.
gpgv is actually a stripped-down version of gpg which is only able
to check signatures. It is somewhat smaller than the fully-blown gpg
and uses a different (and simpler) way to check that the public keys
used to make the signature are valid. There are no configuration
files and only a few options are implemented.
libbz2-1.0
libc6
libgcrypt20
libgpg-error0
zlib1g
(None)
/usr/bin/gpgv
high level tools to configure network interfaces
This package provides the tools ifup and ifdown which may be used to
configure (or, respectively, deconfigure) network interfaces based on
interface definitions in the file /etc/network/interfaces.
adduser
iproute2
libc6
/etc/default/networking
/etc/default/networking
/etc/init.d/networking
/etc/network/if-down.d/resolved
/etc/network/if-up.d/resolved
/sbin/ifdown
/sbin/ifdown
/sbin/ifquery
/sbin/ifquery
/sbin/ifup
/sbin/ifup
metapackage ensuring an init system is installed
This package is a metapackage which allows you to select from the available
init systems while ensuring that one of these is available on the system at
all times.
systemd-sysv
(None)
(None)
networking and traffic control tools
The iproute2 suite is a collection of utilities for networking and
traffic control.
.
These tools communicate with the Linux kernel via the (rt)netlink
interface, providing advanced features not available through the
legacy net-tools commands 'ifconfig' and 'route'.
debconf
libbpf1
libbsd0
libc6
libcap2
libcap2-bin
libdb5.3
libelf1
libmnl0
libselinux1
libtirpc3
libxtables12
/etc/iproute2/bpf_pinning
/etc/iproute2/ematch_map
/etc/iproute2/group
/etc/iproute2/nl_protos
/etc/iproute2/rt_dsfield
/etc/iproute2/rt_protos
/etc/iproute2/rt_protos.d/README
/etc/iproute2/rt_realms
/etc/iproute2/rt_scopes
/etc/iproute2/rt_tables
/etc/iproute2/rt_tables.d/README
/bin/ip
/bin/ss
/sbin/bridge
/sbin/dcb
/sbin/devlink
/sbin/ip
/sbin/rtacct
/sbin/rtmon
/sbin/tc
/sbin/tipc
/sbin/vdpa
/usr/bin/ctstat
/usr/bin/lnstat
/usr/bin/nstat
/usr/bin/rdma
/usr/bin/routel
/usr/bin/rtstat
/usr/sbin/arpd
/usr/sbin/genl
Tools to test the reachability of network hosts
The ping command sends ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to a host in order to
test if the host is reachable via the network.
.
This package includes a ping6 utility which supports IPv6 network
connections.
libc6
libcap2
libcap2-bin
libidn2-0
(None)
/bin/ping
/bin/ping4
/bin/ping6
DHCP client for automatically obtaining an IP address
This is the Internet Software Consortiums DHCP client.
.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a protocol like BOOTP
(actually dhcpd includes much of the functionality of bootpd). It
gives client machines "leases" for IP addresses and can
automatically set their network configuration. If your machine
depends on DHCP (especially likely if its a workstation on a large
network, or a laptop, or attached to a cable modem), keep this or
another DHCP client installed.
.
Extra documentation can be found in the package isc-dhcp-common.
.
ISC has decided to stop maintaining the client and relay parts of isc-dhcp,
and they will be removed after the 4.4.3 release, keeping only the server
component. Please, consider using an alternative for isc-dhcp-client
(dhclient).
.
More information can be found in the ISC official announcement:
https://www.isc.org/blogs/dhcp-client-relay-eom/
debianutils
iproute2
libc6
/etc/apparmor.d/sbin.dhclient
/etc/dhcp/debug
/etc/dhcp/dhclient-enter-hooks.d/debug
/etc/dhcp/dhclient-exit-hooks.d/debug
/etc/dhcp/dhclient-exit-hooks.d/rfc3442-classless-routes
/etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf
/sbin/dhclient
/sbin/dhclient
/sbin/dhclient-script
common manpages relevant to all of the isc-dhcp packages
This package includes manpages that are relevant to the various ISC DHCP
packages.
.
The dhcp-options manpage describes available options for dhcpd and dhclient.
The dhcp-eval manpage describes evaluation of conditional expressions.
debianutils
(None)
(None)
tools for managing Linux kernel modules
This package contains a set of programs for loading, inserting, and
removing kernel modules for Linux.
It replaces module-init-tools.
libc6
libkmod2
liblzma5
libssl3
libzstd1
/etc/init.d/kmod
/bin/kmod
/bin/lsmod
/sbin/depmod
/sbin/insmod
/sbin/lsmod
/sbin/modinfo
/sbin/modprobe
/sbin/rmmod
pager program similar to more
This package provides "less", a file pager (that is, a memory-efficient
utility for displaying text one screenful at a time). Less has many
more features than the basic pager "more". As part of the GNU project,
it is widely regarded as the standard pager on UNIX-derived systems.
.
Also provided are "lessecho", a simple utility for ensuring arguments
with spaces are correctly quoted; "lesskey", a tool for modifying the
standard (vi-like) keybindings; and "lesspipe", a filter for specific
types of input, such as .doc or .txt.gz files.
libc6
libtinfo6
(None)
/usr/bin/less
/usr/bin/lessecho
/usr/bin/lessfile
/usr/bin/lesskey
/usr/bin/lesspipe
Log rotation utility
The logrotate utility is designed to simplify the administration of
log files on a system which generates a lot of log files. Logrotate
allows for the automatic rotation compression, removal and mailing of
log files. Logrotate can be set to handle a log file daily, weekly,
monthly or when the log file gets to a certain size. Normally, logrotate
runs as a daily cron job.
cron
libacl1
libc6
libpopt0
libselinux1
/etc/cron.daily/logrotate
/etc/logrotate.conf
/etc/logrotate.d/btmp
/etc/logrotate.d/wtmp
/usr/sbin/logrotate
small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico
GNU nano is an easy-to-use text editor originally designed as a replacement
for Pico, the ncurses-based editor from the non-free mailer package Pine
(itself now available under the Apache License as Alpine).
.
However, GNU nano also implements many features missing in Pico, including:
undo/redo
line numbering
syntax coloring
soft-wrapping of overlong lines
selecting text by holding Shift
interactive search and replace (with regular expression support)
a go-to line (and column) command
support for multiple file buffers
auto-indentation
tab completion of filenames and search terms
toggling features while running
and full internationalization support
libc6
libncursesw6
libtinfo6
/etc/nanorc
/bin/nano
/bin/rnano
Basic TCP/IP networking system
This package provides the necessary infrastructure for basic TCP/IP based
networking.
.
In particular, it supplies common name-to-number mappings in /etc/services,
/etc/rpc, /etc/protocols and /etc/ethertypes.
(None)
/etc/ethertypes
/etc/protocols
/etc/rpc
/etc/services
(None)
Program to control packet filtering rules by Netfilter project
This software provides an in-kernel packet classification framework that is
based on a network-specific Virtual Machine (VM) and the nft userspace
command line tool. The nftables framework reuses the existing Netfilter
subsystems such as the existing hook infrastructure, the connection tracking
system, NAT, userspace queueing and logging subsystem.
.
nftables replaces the old popular iptables, ip6tables, arptables and ebtables.
.
Netfilter software and nftables in particular are used in applications such
as Internet connection sharing, firewalls, IP accounting, transparent
proxying, advanced routing and traffic control.
.
A Linux kernel >= 3.13 is required. However, >= 4.14 is recommended.
libc6
libedit2
libnftables1
/etc/nftables.conf
/usr/sbin/nft
/proc file system utilities
This package provides command line and full screen utilities for browsing
procfs, a "pseudo" file system dynamically generated by the kernel to
provide information about the status of entries in its process table
(such as whether the process is running, stopped, or a "zombie").
.
It contains free, kill, pkill, pgrep, pmap, ps, pwdx, skill, slabtop,
snice, sysctl, tload, top, uptime, vmstat, w, and watch.
init-system-helpers
libc6
libncursesw6
libproc2-0
libtinfo6
/etc/init.d/procps
/etc/sysctl.conf
/etc/sysctl.d/README.sysctl
/bin/kill
/bin/ps
/sbin/sysctl
/usr/bin/free
/usr/bin/pgrep
/usr/bin/pidwait
/usr/bin/pkill
/usr/bin/pmap
/usr/bin/pwdx
/usr/bin/skill
/usr/bin/slabtop
/usr/bin/snice
/usr/bin/tload
/usr/bin/top
/usr/bin/uptime
/usr/bin/vmstat
/usr/bin/w
/usr/bin/watch
GNU readline and history libraries, common files
The GNU readline library aids in the consistency of user interface
across discrete programs that need to provide a command line
interface.
.
The GNU history library provides a consistent user interface for
recalling lines of previously typed input.
dpkg
(None)
(None)
Utilities for sensible alternative selection
This package provides a number of small utilities which are used
by programs to sensibly select and spawn an appropriate browser,
editor, or pager.
.
The specific utilities included are: sensible-browser sensible-editor
sensible-pager
(None)
(None)
/usr/bin/select-editor
/usr/bin/sensible-browser
/usr/bin/sensible-editor
/usr/bin/sensible-pager
system and service manager
systemd is a system and service manager for Linux. It provides aggressive
parallelization capabilities, uses socket and D-Bus activation for starting
services, offers on-demand starting of daemons, keeps track of processes using
Linux control groups, maintains mount and automount points and implements an
elaborate transactional dependency-based service control logic.
.
Installing the systemd package will not switch your init system unless you
boot with init=/lib/systemd/systemd or install systemd-sysv in addition.
libacl1
libaudit1
libblkid1
libc6
libcap2
libcryptsetup12
libfdisk1
libgcrypt20
libkmod2
liblz4-1
liblzma5
libmount1
libp11-kit0
libseccomp2
libselinux1
libssl3
libsystemd-shared
libsystemd0
libzstd1
mount
/etc/modules-load.d/modules.conf
/etc/sysctl.d/99-sysctl.conf
/etc/systemd/journald.conf
/etc/systemd/logind.conf
/etc/systemd/networkd.conf
/etc/systemd/pstore.conf
/etc/systemd/sleep.conf
/etc/systemd/system.conf
/etc/systemd/user.conf
/etc/xdg/systemd/user
/bin/journalctl
/bin/loginctl
/bin/networkctl
/bin/systemctl
/bin/systemd
/bin/systemd-ask-password
/bin/systemd-creds
/bin/systemd-escape
/bin/systemd-firstboot
/bin/systemd-inhibit
/bin/systemd-machine-id-setup
/bin/systemd-notify
/bin/systemd-repart
/bin/systemd-sysext
/bin/systemd-sysusers
/bin/systemd-sysusers
/bin/systemd-tmpfiles
/bin/systemd-tmpfiles
/bin/systemd-tty-ask-password-agent
/usr/bin/busctl
/usr/bin/hostnamectl
/usr/bin/kernel-install
/usr/bin/localectl
/usr/bin/systemd-analyze
/usr/bin/systemd-cat
/usr/bin/systemd-cgls
/usr/bin/systemd-cgtop
/usr/bin/systemd-cryptenroll
/usr/bin/systemd-delta
/usr/bin/systemd-detect-virt
/usr/bin/systemd-id128
/usr/bin/systemd-mount
/usr/bin/systemd-path
/usr/bin/systemd-run
/usr/bin/systemd-socket-activate
/usr/bin/systemd-stdio-bridge
/usr/bin/systemd-umount
/usr/bin/timedatectl
system and service manager - SysV compatibility symlinks
This package provides manual pages and compatibility symlinks needed for
systemd to replace sysvinit.
.
Installing systemd-sysv will overwrite /sbin/init with a symlink to systemd.
systemd
(None)
/sbin/halt
/sbin/init
/sbin/poweroff
/sbin/reboot
/sbin/runlevel
/sbin/shutdown
/sbin/telinit
official tasks used for installation of Debian systems
This package contains data about the standard tasks available on a Debian
system.
tasksel
(None)
(None)
/dev/ and hotplug management daemon
udev is a daemon which dynamically creates and removes device nodes from
/dev/, handles hotplug events and loads drivers at boot time.
adduser
libacl1
libblkid1
libc6
libcap2
libkmod2
libselinux1
libudev1
/etc/init.d/udev
/etc/udev/udev.conf
/bin/systemd-hwdb
/bin/udevadm
Vi IMproved - Common files
Vim is an almost compatible version of the UNIX editor Vi.
.
This package contains files shared by all non GUI-enabled vim variants
available in Debian. Examples of such shared files are: manpages and
configuration files.
(None)
/etc/vim/vimrc
/usr/bin/helpztags
Vi IMproved - enhanced vi editor - compact version
Vim is an almost compatible version of the UNIX editor Vi.
.
This package contains a minimal version of Vim compiled with no GUI and
a small subset of features. This package's sole purpose is to provide
the vi binary for base installations.
.
If a vim binary is wanted, try one of the following more featureful
packages: vim, vim-nox, vim-motif, or vim-gtk3.
libacl1
libc6
libselinux1
libtinfo6
vim-common
/etc/vim/vimrc.tiny
/usr/bin/vim.tiny
Displays user-friendly dialog boxes from shell scripts
Whiptail is a "dialog" replacement using newt instead of ncurses. It
provides a method of displaying several different types of dialog boxes
from shell scripts. This allows a developer of a script to interact with
the user in a much friendlier manner.
libc6
libnewt0.52
libpopt0
libslang2
(None)
/usr/bin/whiptail
These are the standard packages. They are normally expected in Debian installations.
At my last check, the following packages are marked as standard:
amd64-microcode: Processor microcode firmware for AMD CPUs
apt-listchanges: package change history notification tool
bash-completion: programmable completion for the bash shell
bind9-dnsutils: Clients provided with BIND 9
bind9-host: DNS Lookup Utility
bzip2: high-quality block-sorting file compressor - utilities
ca-certificates: Common CA certificates
dbus: simple interprocess messaging system (system message bus)
debian-faq: Debian Frequently Asked Questions
doc-debian: Debian Project documentation and other documents
file: Recognize the type of data in a file using "magic" numbers
gettext-base: GNU Internationalization utilities for the base system
groff-base: GNU troff text-formatting system (base system components)
inetutils-telnet: telnet client
intel-microcode: Processor microcode firmware for Intel CPUs
krb5-locales: internationalization support for MIT Kerberos
libc-l10n: GNU C Library: localization files
liblockfile-bin: support binaries for and cli utilities based on liblockfile
libnss-systemd: nss module providing dynamic user and group name resolution
libpam-systemd: system and service manager - PAM module
locales: GNU C Library: National Language (locale) data [support]
lsof: utility to list open files
man-db: tools for reading manual pages
manpages: Manual pages about using a GNU/Linux system
media-types: List of standard media types and their usual file extension
mime-support: transitional package
ncurses-term: additional terminal type definitions
netcat-traditional: TCP/IP swiss army knife
openssh-client: secure shell (SSH) client, for secure access to remote machines
pciutils: PCI utilities
perl: Larry Wall's Practical Extraction and Report Language
python3-reportbug: Python modules for interacting with bug tracking systems
reportbug: reports bugs in the Debian distribution
systemd-timesyncd: minimalistic service to synchronize local time with NTP servers
traceroute: Traces the route taken by packets over an IPv4/IPv6 network
ucf: Update Configuration File(s): preserve user changes to config files
util-linux-extra: interactive login tools
wamerican: American English dictionary words for /usr/share/dict
wget: retrieves files from the web
xz-utils: XZ-format compression utilities
Processor microcode firmware for AMD CPUs
This package contains microcode patches for all AMD AMD64
processors. AMD releases microcode patches to correct
processor behavior as documented in the respective processor
revision guides. This package includes both AMD CPU microcode
patches and AMD SEV firmware updates.
.
For Intel processors, please refer to the intel-microcode package.
(None)
/etc/default/amd64-microcode
/etc/modprobe.d/amd64-microcode-blacklist.conf
(None)
package change history notification tool
The tool apt-listchanges can compare a new version of a
package with the one currently installed and show what has been
changed, by extracting the relevant entries from the Debian changelog
and NEWS files.
.
It can be run on several .deb archives at a time to get a list of all
changes that would be caused by installing or upgrading a group of
packages. When configured as an APT plugin it will do this
automatically during upgrades.
apt
debconf
python3-apt
python3-debconf
python3:any
sensible-utils
ucf
/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/20listchanges
/usr/bin/apt-listchanges
programmable completion for the bash shell
bash completion extends bash's standard completion behavior to achieve
complex command lines with just a few keystrokes. This project was
conceived to produce programmable completion routines for the most
common Linux/UNIX commands, reducing the amount of typing sysadmins
and programmers need to do on a daily basis.
(None)
/etc/bash_completion
/etc/profile.d/bash_completion.sh
/usr/bin/dh_bash-completion
Clients provided with BIND 9
The Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND 9) implements an Internet domain
name server. BIND 9 is the most widely-used name server software on the
Internet, and is supported by the Internet Software Consortium, www.isc.org.
.
This package delivers various client programs related to DNS that are
derived from the BIND 9 source tree.
.
dig - query the DNS in various ways
nslookup - the older way to do it
nsupdate - perform dynamic updates (See RFC2136)
bind9-host
bind9-libs
libc6
libedit2
libidn2-0
libkrb5-3
libprotobuf-c1
(None)
/usr/bin/delv
/usr/bin/dig
/usr/bin/dnstap-read
/usr/bin/mdig
/usr/bin/nslookup
/usr/bin/nsupdate
DNS Lookup Utility
This package provides the 'host' DNS lookup utility in the form that
is bundled with the BIND 9 sources.
bind9-libs
libc6
libidn2-0
(None)
/usr/bin/host
high-quality block-sorting file compressor - utilities
bzip2 is a freely available, patent free, data compressor.
.
bzip2 compresses files using the Burrows-Wheeler block-sorting text
compression algorithm, and Huffman coding. Compression is generally
considerably better than that achieved by more conventional
LZ77/LZ78-based compressors, and approaches the performance of the PPM
family of statistical compressors.
.
The archive file format of bzip2 (.bz2) is incompatible with that of its
predecessor, bzip (.bz).
libbz2-1.0
libc6
(None)
/bin/bunzip2
/bin/bzcat
/bin/bzcmp
/bin/bzdiff
/bin/bzegrep
/bin/bzexe
/bin/bzfgrep
/bin/bzgrep
/bin/bzip2
/bin/bzip2recover
/bin/bzless
/bin/bzmore
Common CA certificates
Contains the certificate authorities shipped with Mozilla's browser to allow
SSL-based applications to check for the authenticity of SSL connections.
.
Please note that Debian can neither confirm nor deny whether the
certificate authorities whose certificates are included in this package
have in any way been audited for trustworthiness or RFC 3647 compliance.
Full responsibility to assess them belongs to the local system
administrator.
debconf
openssl
(None)
/usr/sbin/update-ca-certificates
simple interprocess messaging system (system message bus)
D-Bus is a message bus, used for sending messages between applications.
Conceptually, it fits somewhere in between raw sockets and CORBA in
terms of complexity.
.
D-Bus supports broadcast messages, asynchronous messages (thus
decreasing latency), authentication, and more. It is designed to be
low-overhead; messages are sent using a binary protocol, not using
XML. D-Bus also supports a method call mapping for its messages, but
it is not required; this makes using the system quite simple.
.
It comes with several bindings, including GLib, Python, Qt and Java.
.
This package provides a fully-functional D-Bus system bus with activation
support, used for communication between system services, and depends on
most of the other components of the reference implementation of D-Bus.
.
To provide a complete D-Bus session bus, install one of the packages
that implement the dbus-session-bus virtual package, such as
dbus-user-session. The recommended implementation is indicated by
the default-dbus-session-bus virtual package.
dbus-bin
dbus-daemon
dbus-system-bus-common
init-system-helpers
libc6
libdbus-1-3
libexpat1
libsystemd0
/etc/default/dbus
/etc/init.d/dbus
(None)
Debian Frequently Asked Questions
In this package you will find the Debian GNU/Linux FAQ, which gives
frequently asked questions (with their answers!) about the Debian distribution
(Debian GNU/Linux and others) and about the Debian project.
Some answers assume some knowledge of Unix-like operating systems.
However, as little prior knowledge as possible is assumed: answers to general
beginners questions will be kept simple.
.
This document is available at https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-faq/
as well as from the Debian file server at https://deb.debian.org/debian/doc/FAQ
and mirrors thereof.
.
The document is supplied in HTML, PDF, and plain text.
.
If you're new to Debian, and like to read documentation from your local system,
without using the network, install this package.
(None)
(None)
(None)
Debian Project documentation and other documents
The Debian Project is an association of individuals who have made
common cause to create a free operating system.
.
In this package, you will find:
Debian Linux Manifesto,
Constitution for the Debian Project,
Debian Social Contract,
Debian Free Software Guidelines.
.
Additionally provided are:
Debian Bug Tracking System documentation, and
Introduction to the Debian mailing lists.
.
All of these files are available at http://ftp.debian.org/debian/doc/ and
mirrors thereof.
(None)
(None)
(None)
Recognize the type of data in a file using "magic" numbers
The file command is "a file type guesser", a command-line tool that
tells you in words what kind of data a file contains.
.
This package contains the file program itself.
libc6
libmagic1
(None)
/usr/bin/file
GNU Internationalization utilities for the base system
This package includes the gettext and ngettext programs which allow
other packages to internationalize the messages given by shell scripts.
libc6
(None)
/usr/bin/envsubst
/usr/bin/gettext
/usr/bin/gettext.sh
/usr/bin/ngettext
GNU troff text-formatting system (base system components)
This package contains the traditional UN*X text formatting tools
troff, nroff, tbl, eqn, and pic. These utilities, together with the
man-db package, are essential for displaying the on-line manual pages.
.
groff-base is a stripped-down package containing the necessary components
to read manual pages in ASCII, Latin-1, and UTF-8, plus the PostScript
device (groff's default). Users who want a full groff installation, with
the standard set of devices, fonts, macros, and documentation, should
install the groff package.
libc6
libgcc-s1
libstdc++6
libuchardet0
/etc/groff/man.local
/etc/groff/mdoc.local
/usr/bin/eqn
/usr/bin/geqn
/usr/bin/gpic
/usr/bin/groff
/usr/bin/grog
/usr/bin/grops
/usr/bin/grotty
/usr/bin/gtbl
/usr/bin/neqn
/usr/bin/nroff
/usr/bin/pic
/usr/bin/preconv
/usr/bin/soelim
/usr/bin/tbl
/usr/bin/troff
telnet client
The telnet command is used for interactive communication with another host
using the TELNET protocol.
.
This implementation supports Kerberos, for authentication and encryption.
libc6
libcom-err2
libk5crypto3
libkrb5-3
libtinfo6
netbase
(None)
/usr/bin/inetutils-telnet
Processor microcode firmware for Intel CPUs
This package contains updated system processor microcode for
Intel i686 and Intel X86-64 processors. Intel releases microcode
updates to correct processor behavior as documented in the
respective processor specification updates.
.
For AMD processors, please refer to the amd64-microcode package.
iucode-tool
/etc/default/intel-microcode
/etc/kernel/preinst.d/intel-microcode
/etc/modprobe.d/intel-microcode-blacklist.conf
(None)
internationalization support for MIT Kerberos
Kerberos is a system for authenticating users and services on a network.
Kerberos is a trusted third-party service. That means that there is a
third party (the Kerberos server) that is trusted by all the entities on
the network (users and services, usually called "principals").
.
This is the MIT reference implementation of Kerberos V5.
.
This package contains internationalized messages for MIT Kerberos.
(None)
(None)
(None)
GNU C Library: localization files
This package contains the translation files for the GNU C library and
utility programs.
(None)
(None)
(None)
support binaries for and cli utilities based on liblockfile
This package contains support binaries for the liblockfile library,
and the command-line utility dotlockfile''.
libc6
(None)
/usr/bin/dotlockfile
nss module providing dynamic user and group name resolution
nss-systemd is a plug-in module for the GNU Name Service Switch (NSS)
functionality of the GNU C Library (glibc), providing UNIX user and group name
resolution for dynamic users and groups allocated through the DynamicUser=
option in systemd unit files. See systemd.exec(5) for details on this
option.
.
Installing this package automatically adds the module to /etc/nsswitch.conf.
libc6
libcap2
systemd
(None)
(None)
system and service manager - PAM module
This package contains the PAM module which registers user sessions in
the systemd control group hierarchy for logind.
.
If in doubt, do install this package.
.
Packages that depend on logind functionality need to depend on libpam-systemd.
default-dbus-system-bus
libc6
libcap2
libpam-runtime
libpam0g
systemd
systemd-sysv
(None)
(None)
GNU C Library: National Language (locale) data [support]
Machine-readable data files, shared objects and programs used by the
C library for localization (l10n) and internationalization (i18n) support.
.
This package contains tools to generate locale definitions from source
files (included in this package). It allows you to customize which
definitions actually get generated. This is a space-saver over how this
package used to be, with all locales generated by default. This created
a package that unpacked to an excess of 30 megs.
debconf
libc-bin
libc-l10n
/etc/locale.alias
/usr/sbin/locale-gen
/usr/sbin/update-locale
/usr/sbin/validlocale
utility to list open files
Lsof is a Unix-specific diagnostic tool. Its name stands
for LiSt Open Files, and it does just that. It lists
information about any files that are open, by processes
currently running on the system.
libc6
libselinux1
libtirpc3
(None)
/usr/bin/lsof
tools for reading manual pages
This package provides the man command, the primary way of examining the
system help files (manual pages). Other utilities provided include the
whatis and apropos commands for searching the manual page database, the
manpath utility for determining the manual page search path, and the
maintenance utilities mandb, catman and zsoelim. man-db uses the groff
suite of programs to format and display the manual pages.
bsdextrautils
debconf
groff-base
libc6
libgdbm6
libpipeline1
libseccomp2
zlib1g
/etc/apparmor.d/usr.bin.man
/etc/cron.daily/man-db
/etc/cron.weekly/man-db
/etc/manpath.config
/usr/bin/apropos
/usr/bin/catman
/usr/bin/lexgrog
/usr/bin/man
/usr/bin/man-recode
/usr/bin/mandb
/usr/bin/manpath
/usr/bin/whatis
/usr/sbin/accessdb
Manual pages about using a GNU/Linux system
This package contains GNU/Linux manual pages for these sections:
4 = Devices (e.g. hd, sd).
5 = File formats and protocols, syntaxes of several system
files (e.g. wtmp, /etc/passwd, nfs).
7 = Conventions and standards, macro packages, etc.
(e.g. nroff, ascii).
.
Beside the intro man page describing the section, a few manual
pages from sections 1,6 and 8 are also provided.
.
The man pages describe syntaxes of several system files.
(None)
(None)
(None)
List of standard media types and their usual file extension
This package installs the configuration file /etc/mime.types, that lists
standard media types (originally known as "MIME" types) and their usual file
extension. This provides a simple way for programs to have a first guess at a
files content. On standard Debian desktop systems, one will also find more
sophisticated tools, for instance provided by the "file" and "xdg-utils"
packages.
.
The /etc/mime.types file is compiled by hand using mostly information provided
by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
(None)
/etc/mime.types
(None)
transitional package
This is a transitional package. It will be possible to remove it
safely once its dependency chain has adjusted to depend on mailcap
or media-types directly.
mailcap
media-types
(None)
(None)
additional terminal type definitions
The ncurses library routines are a terminal-independent method of
updating character screens with reasonable optimization.
.
This package contains all of the numerous terminal definitions not found in
the ncurses-base package.
ncurses-base
(None)
(None)
TCP/IP swiss army knife
A simple Unix utility which reads and writes data across network
connections using TCP or UDP protocol. It is designed to be a reliable
"back-end" tool that can be used directly or easily driven by other
programs and scripts. At the same time it is a feature-rich network
debugging and exploration tool, since it can create almost any kind
of connection you would need and has several interesting built-in
capabilities.
.
This is the "classic" netcat, written by Hobbit. It lacks many
features found in netcat-openbsd.
libc6
(None)
/bin/nc.traditional
secure shell (SSH) client, for secure access to remote machines
This is the portable version of OpenSSH, a free implementation of
the Secure Shell protocol as specified by the IETF secsh working
group.
.
Ssh (Secure Shell) is a program for logging into a remote machine
and for executing commands on a remote machine.
It provides secure encrypted communications between two untrusted
hosts over an insecure network. X11 connections and arbitrary TCP/IP
ports can also be forwarded over the secure channel.
It can be used to provide applications with a secure communication
channel.
.
This package provides the ssh, scp and sftp clients, the ssh-agent
and ssh-add programs to make public key authentication more convenient,
and the ssh-keygen, ssh-keyscan, ssh-copy-id and ssh-argv0 utilities.
.
In some countries it may be illegal to use any encryption at all
without a special permit.
.
ssh replaces the insecure rsh, rcp and rlogin programs, which are
obsolete for most purposes.
adduser
libc6
libedit2
libfido2-1
libgssapi-krb5-2
libselinux1
libssl3
passwd
zlib1g
/etc/ssh/ssh_config
/usr/bin/scp
/usr/bin/sftp
/usr/bin/slogin
/usr/bin/ssh
/usr/bin/ssh-add
/usr/bin/ssh-agent
/usr/bin/ssh-argv0
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id
/usr/bin/ssh-keygen
/usr/bin/ssh-keyscan
PCI utilities
This package contains various utilities for inspecting and setting of
devices connected to the PCI bus.
libc6
libkmod2
libpci3
(None)
/usr/bin/lspci
/usr/bin/setpci
/usr/sbin/update-pciids
Larry Wall's Practical Extraction and Report Language
Perl is a highly capable, feature-rich programming language with over
20 years of development. Perl 5 runs on over 100 platforms from
portables to mainframes. Perl is suitable for both rapid prototyping
and large scale development projects.
.
Perl 5 supports many programming styles, including procedural,
functional, and object-oriented. In addition to this, it is supported
by an ever-growing collection of reusable modules which accelerate
development. Some of these modules include Web frameworks, database
integration, networking protocols, and encryption. Perl provides
interfaces to C and C++ for custom extension development.
dpkg
libperl5.36
perl-base
perl-modules-5.36
/etc/perl/Net/libnet.cfg
/usr/bin/corelist
/usr/bin/cpan
/usr/bin/enc2xs
/usr/bin/encguess
/usr/bin/h2ph
/usr/bin/h2xs
/usr/bin/instmodsh
/usr/bin/json_pp
/usr/bin/libnetcfg
/usr/bin/perlbug
/usr/bin/perldoc
/usr/bin/perlivp
/usr/bin/perlthanks
/usr/bin/piconv
/usr/bin/pl2pm
/usr/bin/pod2html
/usr/bin/pod2man
/usr/bin/pod2text
/usr/bin/pod2usage
/usr/bin/podchecker
/usr/bin/prove
/usr/bin/ptar
/usr/bin/ptardiff
/usr/bin/ptargrep
/usr/bin/shasum
/usr/bin/shasum
/usr/bin/splain
/usr/bin/streamzip
/usr/bin/xsubpp
/usr/bin/zipdetails
Python modules for interacting with bug tracking systems
reportbug is a tool designed to make the reporting of bugs in Debian
and derived distributions relatively painless.
.
This package includes Python modules which may be reusable by other
tools that want to interact with the Debian bug tracking system.
.
To actually report a bug, install the reportbug package.
apt
file
python3-apt
python3-debian
python3-debianbts
python3-requests
python3:any
sensible-utils
(None)
(None)
reports bugs in the Debian distribution
reportbug is a tool designed to make the reporting of bugs in Debian
and derived distributions relatively painless. Its features include:
.
Integration with many mail user agents.
Access to outstanding bug reports to make it easier to identify
whether problems have already been reported.
Automatic checking for newer versions of packages.
Optional automatic verification of integrity of packages via debsums.
Support for following-up on outstanding reports.
Optional PGP/GnuPG integration.
.
Bug reporting in Debian relies on email; reportbug can use a local
mail transport agent (like exim or sendmail), submit directly through
an external mail server, or pass messages to an installed mail user
agent (e.g., mutt) for submission.
.
This package also includes the "querybts" script for browsing the
Debian bug tracking system.
apt
python3-reportbug
python3:any
sensible-utils
/etc/reportbug.conf
/usr/bin/querybts
/usr/bin/reportbug
minimalistic service to synchronize local time with NTP servers
The package contains the systemd-timesyncd system service that may be used to
synchronize the local system clock with a remote Network Time Protocol server.
libc6
libsystemd-shared
systemd
/etc/dhcp/dhclient-exit-hooks.d/timesyncd
/etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf
(None)
Traces the route taken by packets over an IPv4/IPv6 network
The traceroute utility displays the route used by IP packets on their way to a
specified network (or Internet) host. Traceroute displays the IP number and
host name (if possible) of the machines along the route taken by the packets.
Traceroute is used as a network debugging tool. If you're having network
connectivity problems, traceroute will show you where the trouble is coming
from along the route.
.
Install traceroute if you need a tool for diagnosing network connectivity
problems.
libc6
(None)
/usr/bin/lft.db
/usr/bin/traceproto.db
/usr/bin/traceroute-nanog
/usr/bin/traceroute.db
/usr/bin/traceroute6.db
/usr/sbin/tcptraceroute.db
Update Configuration File(s): preserve user changes to config files
Debian policy mandates that user changes to configuration files must be
preserved during package upgrades. The easy way to achieve this behavior
is to make the configuration file a 'conffile', in which case dpkg
handles the file specially during upgrades, prompting the user as
needed.
.
This is appropriate only if it is possible to distribute a default
version that will work for most installations, although some system
administrators may choose to modify it. This implies that the
default version will be part of the package distribution, and must
not be modified by the maintainer scripts during installation (or at
any other time).
.
This script attempts to provide conffile-like handling for files that
may not be labelled conffiles, and are not shipped in a Debian package,
but handled by the postinst instead. This script allows one to
maintain files in /etc, preserving user changes and in general
offering the same facilities while upgrading that dpkg normally
provides for 'conffiles'.
.
Additionally, this script provides facilities for transitioning a
file that had not been provided with conffile-like protection to come
under this schema, and attempts to minimize questions asked at
installation time. Indeed, the transitioning facility is better than the
one offered by dpkg while transitioning a file from a non-conffile to
conffile status.
debconf
sensible-utils
/etc/ucf.conf
/usr/bin/lcf
/usr/bin/ucf
/usr/bin/ucfq
/usr/bin/ucfr
interactive login tools
Tools commonly found on systems where humans login interactively,
or are needed with non-standard system configurations.
libaudit1
libc6
libsmartcols1
/etc/default/hwclock
/etc/init.d/hwclock.sh
/sbin/hwclock
/usr/bin/fincore
/usr/bin/lsfd
/usr/bin/lsirq
American English dictionary words for /usr/share/dict
This package provides the file /usr/share/dict/american-english
containing a list of English words with American spellings.
This list can be used by spelling checkers, and by programs such
as look(1).
.
There are also -small, -large, and -huge versions of this word list,
and there are wbritish and wcanadian packages as well.
debconf
(None)
(None)
retrieves files from the web
Wget is a network utility to retrieve files from the web
using HTTP(S) and FTP, the two most widely used internet
protocols. It works non-interactively, so it will work in
the background, after having logged off. The program supports
recursive retrieval of web-authoring pages as well as FTP
sites -- you can use Wget to make mirrors of archives and
home pages or to travel the web like a WWW robot.
.
Wget works particularly well with slow or unstable connections
by continuing to retrieve a document until the document is fully
downloaded. Re-getting files from where it left off works on
servers (both HTTP and FTP) that support it. Both HTTP and FTP
retrievals can be time stamped, so Wget can see if the remote
file has changed since the last retrieval and automatically
retrieve the new version if it has.
.
Wget supports proxy servers; this can lighten the network load,
speed up retrieval, and provide access behind firewalls.
libc6
libgnutls30
libidn2-0
libnettle8
libpcre2-8-0
libpsl5
libuuid1
zlib1g
/etc/wgetrc
/usr/bin/wget
XZ-format compression utilities
XZ is the successor to the Lempel-Ziv/Markov-chain Algorithm
compression format, which provides memory-hungry but powerful
compression (often better than bzip2) and fast, easy decompression.
.
This package provides the command line tools for working with XZ
compression, including xz, unxz, xzcat, xzgrep, and so on. They can
also handle the older LZMA format, and if invoked via appropriate
symlinks will emulate the behavior of the commands in the lzma
package.
.
The XZ format is similar to the older LZMA format but includes some
improvements for general use:
.
'file' magic for detecting XZ files;
crc64 data integrity check;
limited random-access reading support;
improved support for multithreading (not used in xz-utils);
support for flushing the encoder.
libc6
liblzma5
(None)
/usr/bin/lzmainfo
/usr/bin/unxz
/usr/bin/xz
/usr/bin/xzcat
/usr/bin/xzcmp
/usr/bin/xzdiff
/usr/bin/xzegrep
/usr/bin/xzfgrep
/usr/bin/xzgrep
/usr/bin/xzless
/usr/bin/xzmore
There is no classification as necessary packages. These are the packages that are not classified as required, important, or standard; but some of the required, important, or standard packages are depended on these packages.
So you may expect these packages in Debian installations too.
Some packages listed here are virtual packages.
Virtual packages are placeholders that represent a group of packages with similar functionality. These virtual packages allow users to install any package that provides the functionality specified by the virtual package name. They are particularly useful for creating dependencies between packages without tying them to specific implementations.
I mark the following packages as necessary:
awk: Virtual package provided by gawk, mawk, or original-awk
bind9-libs: Shared Libraries used by BIND 9
bsdextrautils: extra utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite
dbus-bin: simple interprocess messaging system (command line utilities)
dbus-daemon: simple interprocess messaging system (reference message bus)
dbus-system-bus-common: simple interprocess messaging system (system bus configuration)
default-dbus-system-bus: Virtual package provided by dbus package
iucode-tool: Intel processor microcode tool
libacl1: access control list - shared library
libapt-pkg6.0: package management runtime library
libattr1: extended attribute handling - shared library
libaudit1: Dynamic library for security auditing
libblkid1: block device ID library
libbpf1: eBPF helper library (shared library)
libbsd0: utility functions from BSD systems - shared library
libbz2-1.0: high-quality block-sorting file compressor library - runtime
libc6: GNU C Library: Shared libraries
libcap-ng0: alternate POSIX capabilities library
libcap2: POSIX 1003.1e capabilities (library)
libcap2-bin: POSIX 1003.1e capabilities (utilities)
libcom-err2: common error description library
libcrypt1: libcrypt shared library
libcryptsetup12: disk encryption support - shared library
libdb5.3: Berkeley v5.3 Database Libraries [runtime]
libdbus-1-3: simple interprocess messaging system (library)
libdebconfclient0: Debian Configuration Management System (C-implementation library)
libedit2: BSD editline and history libraries
libelf1: library to read and write ELF files
libexpat1: XML parsing C library - runtime library
libext2fs2: ext2/ext3/ext4 file system libraries
libfdisk1: fdisk partitioning library
libfido2-1: library for generating and verifying FIDO 2.0 objects
libgcc-s1: GCC support library
libgcrypt20: LGPL Crypto library - runtime library
libgdbm6: GNU dbm database routines (runtime version)
libgmp10: Multiprecision arithmetic library
libgnutls30: GNU TLS library - main runtime library
libgpg-error0: GnuPG development runtime library
libgssapi-krb5-2: MIT Kerberos runtime libraries - krb5 GSS-API Mechanism
libidn2-0: Internationalized domain names (IDNA2008/TR46) library
libk5crypto3: MIT Kerberos runtime libraries - Crypto Library
libkmod2: libkmod shared library
libkrb5-3: MIT Kerberos runtime libraries
liblocale-gettext-perl: module using libc functions for internationalization in Perl
liblz4-1: Fast LZ compression algorithm library - runtime
liblzma5: XZ-format compression library
libmagic1: Recognize the type of data in a file using "magic" numbers - library
libmd0: message digest functions from BSD systems - shared library
libmnl0: minimalistic Netlink communication library
libmount1: device mounting library
libncursesw6: shared libraries for terminal handling (wide character support)
libnettle8: low level cryptographic library (symmetric and one-way cryptos)
libnewt0.52: Not Erik's Windowing Toolkit - text mode windowing with slang
libnftables1: Netfilter nftables high level userspace API library
libp11-kit0: library for loading and coordinating access to PKCS#11 modules - runtime
libpam0g: Pluggable Authentication Modules library
libpci3: PCI utilities (shared library)
libpcre2-8-0: New Perl Compatible Regular Expression Library- 8 bit runtime files
libperl5.36: shared Perl library
libpipeline1: Unix process pipeline manipulation library
libpopt0: lib for parsing cmdline parameters
libproc2-0: library for accessing process information from /proc
libprotobuf-c1: Protocol Buffers C shared library (protobuf-c)
libpsl5: Library for Public Suffix List (shared libraries)
libreadline8: GNU readline and history libraries, run-time libraries
libseccomp2: high level interface to Linux seccomp filter
libselinux1: SELinux runtime shared libraries
libsemanage2: SELinux policy management library
libslang2: S-Lang programming library - runtime version
libsmartcols1: smart column output alignment library
libss2: command-line interface parsing library
libssl3: Secure Sockets Layer toolkit - shared libraries
libstdc++6: GNU Standard C++ Library v3
libsystemd-shared: systemd shared private library
libsystemd0: systemd utility library
libtext-charwidth-perl: get display widths of characters on the terminal
libtext-iconv-perl: module to convert between character sets in Perl
libtext-wrapi18n-perl: internationalized substitute of Text::Wrap
libtinfo6: shared low-level terminfo library for terminal handling
libtirpc3: transport-independent RPC library
libuchardet0: universal charset detection library - shared library
libudev1: libudev shared library
libuuid1: Universally Unique ID library
libxtables12: netfilter xtables library
libzstd1: fast lossless compression algorithm
logsave: save the output of a command in a log file
mailcap: Debians mailcap system, and support programs
openssl: Secure Sockets Layer toolkit - cryptographic utility
perl-modules-5.36: Core Perl modules
python3: interactive high-level object-oriented language (default python3 version)
python3-apt: Python 3 interface to libapt-pkg
python3-debconf: interact with debconf from Python 3
python3-debian: Python 3 modules to work with Debian-related data formats
python3-debianbts: Python interface to Debian's Bug Tracking System
python3-requests: elegant and simple HTTP library for Python3, built for human beings
tasksel: tool for selecting tasks for installation on Debian systems
usrmerge: Convert the system to the merged /usr directories scheme
zlib1g: compression library - runtime
awk is a virtual package provided by gawk, mawk, or original-awk. If we install one of them, awk will be seen as installed too.
As mawk being a required package and was documented at 1.23. we may consider this package as documented too.
Shared Libraries used by BIND 9
The Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND 9) implements an Internet domain
name server. BIND 9 is the most widely-used name server software on the
Internet, and is supported by the Internet Software Consortium, www.isc.org.
.
This package contains a bundle of shared libraries used by BIND 9.
libc6
libfstrm0
libgssapi-krb5-2
libjemalloc2
libjson-c5
libkrb5-3
liblmdb0
libmaxminddb0
libnghttp2-14
libprotobuf-c1
libssl3
libuv1
libxml2
zlib1g
(None)
(None)
extra utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite
This package contains some extra BSD utilities: col, colcrt, colrm, column,
hd, hexdump, look, ul and write.
Other BSD utilities are provided by bsdutils and calendar.
libc6
libsmartcols1
libtinfo6
(None)
/usr/bin/col
/usr/bin/colcrt
/usr/bin/colrm
/usr/bin/column
/usr/bin/hd
/usr/bin/hexdump
/usr/bin/look
/usr/bin/ul
/usr/bin/write
simple interprocess messaging system (command line utilities)
D-Bus is a message bus, used for sending messages between applications.
Conceptually, it fits somewhere in between raw sockets and CORBA in
terms of complexity.
.
This package contains the D-Bus command-line utilities such as dbus-send
and dbus-monitor.
libc6
libdbus-1-3
(None)
/usr/bin/dbus-cleanup-sockets
/usr/bin/dbus-monitor
/usr/bin/dbus-send
/usr/bin/dbus-update-activation-environment
/usr/bin/dbus-uuidgen
simple interprocess messaging system (reference message bus)
D-Bus is a message bus, used for sending messages between applications.
Conceptually, it fits somewhere in between raw sockets and CORBA in
terms of complexity.
.
This package contains dbus-daemon, the reference implementation of a
D-Bus message bus, and dbus-run-session, a utility to start a temporary
session dbus-daemon in a constrained environment or for automated tests.
.
To provide a complete D-Bus session bus, install one of the packages
that implement the dbus-session-bus virtual package, such as
dbus-user-session. The recommended implementation is indicated by
the default-dbus-session-bus virtual package.
dbus-bin
dbus-session-bus-common
libapparmor1
libaudit1
libc6
libcap-ng0
libdbus-1-3
libexpat1
libselinux1
libsystemd0
(None)
/usr/bin/dbus-daemon
/usr/bin/dbus-run-session
simple interprocess messaging system (system bus configuration)
D-Bus is a message bus, used for sending messages between applications.
Conceptually, it fits somewhere in between raw sockets and CORBA in
terms of complexity.
.
This package contains the configuration files defining the behaviour of
the D-Bus system bus, used for system services such as networking and
storage management services. It is also responsible for creating the
'messagebus' system user account used to run the system bus.
These are used by the reference implementation in the dbus package,
and by the reimplementation in the dbus-broker package.
.
To provide a complete D-Bus system bus, install one of the packages
that implement the dbus-system-bus virtual package, such as dbus.
The recommended implementation is indicated by the default-dbus-system-bus
virtual package.
adduser
(None)
(None)
default-dbus-system-bus is a virtual package provided by dbus package. If we install dbus, default-dbus-system-bus will be seen as installed too.
As dbus being a standard package and was documented at 3.8. we may consider this package as documented too.
Intel processor microcode tool
iucode_tool is a program to manipulate Intel\xc2\xae X86 and X86-64 processor
microcode collections, and to use the kernel facilities to upgrade the
microcode on Intel system processors.
.
It can load microcode data files in text and binary format, sort, list and
filter the microcodes contained in these files, write selected microcodes to a
new file in binary format, or upload them to the kernel.
.
It operates on non-free microcode data downloaded directly from Intel or
installed by the intel-microcode package.
libc6
(None)
/usr/sbin/iucode-tool
/usr/sbin/iucode_tool
access control list - shared library
This package contains the shared library containing the POSIX 1003.1e
draft standard 17 functions for manipulating access control lists.
libc6
(None)
(None)
package management runtime library
This library provides the common functionality for searching and
managing packages as well as information about packages.
Higher-level package managers can depend upon this library.
.
This includes:
retrieval of information about packages from multiple sources
retrieval of packages and all dependent packages
needed to satisfy a request either through an internal
solver or by interfacing with an external one
authenticating the sources and validating the retrieved data
installation and removal of packages in the system
providing different transports to retrieve data over cdrom, ftp,
http(s), rsh as well as an interface to add more transports like
tor+http(s) (apt-transport-tor).
libbz2-1.0
libc6
libgcc-s1
libgcrypt20
liblz4-1
liblzma5
libstdc++6
libsystemd0
libudev1
libxxhash0
libzstd1
zlib1g
(None)
(None)
extended attribute handling - shared library
Contains the runtime environment required by programs that make use
of extended attributes.
libc6
/etc/xattr.conf
(None)
Dynamic library for security auditing
The audit-libs package contains the dynamic libraries needed for
applications to use the audit framework. It is used to monitor systems for
security related events.
libaudit-common
libc6
libcap-ng0
(None)
(None)
block device ID library
The blkid library allows system programs such as fsck and mount to
quickly and easily find block devices by filesystem UUID or label.
This allows system administrators to avoid specifying filesystems by
hard-coded device names and use a logical naming system instead.
libc6
(None)
(None)
eBPF helper library (shared library)
libbpf is a library for loading eBPF programs and reading and
manipulating eBPF objects from user-space.
.
This package contains the shared library.
libc6
libelf1
zlib1g
(None)
(None)
utility functions from BSD systems - shared library
This library provides some C functions such as strlcpy() that are commonly
available on BSD systems but not on others like GNU systems.
.
For a detailed list of the provided functions, please see the libbsd-dev
package description.
libc6
libmd0
(None)
(None)
high-quality block-sorting file compressor library - runtime
This package contains libbzip2 which is used by the bzip2 compressor.
.
bzip2 is a freely available, patent free, data compressor.
.
bzip2 compresses files using the Burrows-Wheeler block-sorting text
compression algorithm, and Huffman coding. Compression is generally
considerably better than that achieved by more conventional
LZ77/LZ78-based compressors, and approaches the performance of the PPM
family of statistical compressors.
.
The archive file format of bzip2 (.bz2) is incompatible with that of its
predecessor, bzip (.bz).
libc6
(None)
(None)
GNU C Library: Shared libraries
Contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on
the system. This package includes shared versions of the standard C library
and the standard math library, as well as many others.
libgcc-s1
/etc/ld.so.conf.d/x86_64-linux-gnu.conf
(None)
alternate POSIX capabilities library
This library implements the user-space interfaces to the POSIX
1003.1e capabilities available in Linux kernels. These capabilities are
a partitioning of the all powerful root privilege into a set of distinct
privileges.
.
The libcap-ng library is intended to make programming with POSIX
capabilities much easier than the traditional libcap library.
.
This package contains dynamic libraries for libcap-ng.
libc6
(None)
(None)
POSIX 1003.1e capabilities (library)
Libcap implements the user-space interfaces to the POSIX 1003.1e capabilities
available in Linux kernels. These capabilities are a partitioning of the all
powerful root privilege into a set of distinct privileges.
.
This package contains the shared library.
libc6
(None)
(None)
POSIX 1003.1e capabilities (utilities)
Libcap implements the user-space interfaces to the POSIX 1003.1e capabilities
available in Linux kernels. These capabilities are a partitioning of the all
powerful root privilege into a set of distinct privileges.
.
This package contains additional utilities.
libc6
libcap2
(None)
/sbin/capsh
/sbin/getcap
/sbin/getpcaps
/sbin/setcap
common error description library
libcomerr is an attempt to present a common error-handling mechanism to
manipulate the most common form of error code in a fashion that does not
have the problems identified with mechanisms commonly in use.
libc6
(None)
(None)
libcrypt shared library
libxcrypt is a modern library for one-way hashing of passwords.
It supports DES, MD5, NTHASH, SUNMD5, SHA-2-256, SHA-2-512, and
bcrypt-based password hashes
It provides the traditional Unix 'crypt' and 'crypt_r' interfaces,
as well as a set of extended interfaces like 'crypt_gensalt'.
libc6
(None)
(None)
disk encryption support - shared library
Cryptsetup provides an interface for configuring encryption on block
devices (such as /home or swap partitions), using the Linux kernel
device mapper target dm-crypt. It features integrated Linux Unified Key
Setup (LUKS) support.
.
This package provides the libcryptsetup shared library.
libargon2-1
libblkid1
libc6
libdevmapper1.02.1
libjson-c5
libssl3
libuuid1
(None)
(None)
Berkeley v5.3 Database Libraries [runtime]
This is the runtime package for programs that use the v5.3 Berkeley
database library.
libc6
(None)
(None)
simple interprocess messaging system (library)
D-Bus is a message bus, used for sending messages between applications.
Conceptually, it fits somewhere in between raw sockets and CORBA in
terms of complexity.
.
D-Bus supports broadcast messages, asynchronous messages (thus
decreasing latency), authentication, and more. It is designed to be
low-overhead; messages are sent using a binary protocol, not using
XML. D-Bus also supports a method call mapping for its messages, but
it is not required; this makes using the system quite simple.
.
It comes with several bindings, including GLib, Python, Qt and Java.
.
The message bus daemon can be found in the dbus-daemon package.
libc6
libsystemd0
(None)
(None)
Debian Configuration Management System (C-implementation library)
Debconf is a configuration management system for Debian packages. It is
used by some packages to prompt you for information before they are
installed. cdebconf is a reimplementation of the original debconf in C.
.
This library allows C programs to interface with cdebconf.
libc6
(None)
(None)
BSD editline and history libraries
Command line editor library provides generic line editing,
history, and tokenization functions.
.
It slightly resembles GNU readline.
libbsd0
libc6
libtinfo6
(None)
(None)
library to read and write ELF files
The libelf1 package provides a shared library which allows reading and
writing ELF files on a high level. Third party programs depend on
this package to read internals of ELF files. The programs of the
elfutils package use it also to generate new ELF files.
.
This library is part of elfutils.
libc6
zlib1g
(None)
(None)
XML parsing C library - runtime library
This package contains the runtime, shared library of expat, the C
library for parsing XML. Expat is a stream-oriented parser in
which an application registers handlers for things the parser
might find in the XML document (like start tags).
libc6
(None)
(None)
ext2/ext3/ext4 file system libraries
The ext2, ext3 and ext4 file systems are successors of the original ext
("extended") file system. They are the main file system types used for
hard disks on Debian and other Linux systems.
.
This package provides the ext2fs and e2p libraries, for userspace software
that directly accesses extended file systems. Programs that use libext2fs
include e2fsck, mke2fs, and tune2fs. Programs that use libe2p include
dumpe2fs, chattr, and lsattr.
libc6
(None)
(None)
fdisk partitioning library
The libfdisk library is used for manipulating partition tables. It is
the core of the fdisk, cfdisk, and sfdisk tools.
libblkid1
libc6
libuuid1
(None)
(None)
library for generating and verifying FIDO 2.0 objects
A library for communicating with a FIDO device over USB or NFC, and for
verifying attestation and assertion signatures. FIDO U2F (CTAP 1) and FIDO
2.0 (CTAP 2) are supported.
.
This package contains the library.
libc6
libcbor0.8
libssl3
libudev1
zlib1g
(None)
(None)
GCC support library
Shared version of the support library, a library of internal subroutines
that GCC uses to overcome shortcomings of particular machines, or
special needs for some languages.
gcc-12-base
libc6
(None)
(None)
LGPL Crypto library - runtime library
libgcrypt contains cryptographic functions. Many important free
ciphers, hash algorithms and public key signing algorithms have been
implemented:
.
Arcfour, Blowfish, CAST5, DES, AES, Twofish, Serpent, rfc2268 (rc2), SEED,
Poly1305, Camellia, ChaCha20, IDEA, Salsa, SM4, Blake-2, CRC, MD2, MD4, MD5,
RIPE-MD160, SM3, SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-512, SHA3-224, SHA3-256, SHA3-384,
SHA3-512, SHAKE128, SHAKE256, Tiger, Whirlpool, DSA, DSA2, ElGamal, RSA, ECC
(Curve25519, sec256k1, GOST R 34.10-2001 and GOST R 34.10-2012, etc.)
libc6
libgpg-error0
(None)
(None)
GNU dbm database routines (runtime version)
GNU dbm ('gdbm') is a library of database functions that use extendible
hashing and works similarly to the standard UNIX 'dbm' functions.
.
The basic use of 'gdbm' is to store key/data pairs in a data file, thus
providing a persistent version of the 'dictionary' Abstract Data Type
('hash' to perl programmers).
libc6
(None)
(None)
Multiprecision arithmetic library
GNU MP is a programmer's library for arbitrary precision
arithmetic (ie, a bignum package). It can operate on signed
integer, rational, and floating point numeric types.
.
It has a rich set of functions, and the functions have a regular
interface.
libc6
(None)
(None)
GNU TLS library - main runtime library
GnuTLS is a portable library which implements the Transport Layer
Security (TLS 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3) and Datagram
Transport Layer Security (DTLS 1.0, 1.2) protocols.
.
GnuTLS features support for:
certificate path validation, as well as DANE and trust on first use.
the Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP).
public key methods, including RSA and Elliptic curves, as well as password
and key authentication methods such as SRP and PSK protocols.
all the strong encryption algorithms, including AES and Camellia.
CPU-assisted cryptography with VIA padlock and AES-NI instruction sets.
HSMs and cryptographic tokens, via PKCS #11.
.
This package contains the main runtime library.
libc6
libgmp10
libhogweed6
libidn2-0
libnettle8
libp11-kit0
libtasn1-6
libunistring2
(None)
(None)
GnuPG development runtime library
Library that defines common error values, messages, and common
runtime functionality for all GnuPG components. Among these are GPG,
GPGSM, GPGME, GPG-Agent, libgcrypt, pinentry, SmartCard Daemon and
possibly more in the future.
.
It will likely be renamed "gpgrt" in the future.
libc6
(None)
(None)
MIT Kerberos runtime libraries - krb5 GSS-API Mechanism
Kerberos is a system for authenticating users and services on a network.
Kerberos is a trusted third-party service. That means that there is a
third party (the Kerberos server) that is trusted by all the entities on
the network (users and services, usually called "principals").
.
This is the MIT reference implementation of Kerberos V5.
.
This package contains the runtime library for the MIT Kerberos
implementation of GSS-API used by applications and Kerberos clients.
libc6
libcom-err2
libk5crypto3
libkrb5-3
libkrb5support0
(None)
(None)
Internationalized domain names (IDNA2008/TR46) library
Libidn2 implements the revised algorithm for internationalized domain
names called IDNA2008/TR46.
.
This package contains runtime libraries.
libc6
libunistring2
(None)
(None)
MIT Kerberos runtime libraries - Crypto Library
Kerberos is a system for authenticating users and services on a network.
Kerberos is a trusted third-party service. That means that there is a
third party (the Kerberos server) that is trusted by all the entities on
the network (users and services, usually called "principals").
.
This is the MIT reference implementation of Kerberos V5.
.
This package contains the runtime cryptography libraries used by
applications and Kerberos clients.
libc6
libkrb5support0
(None)
(None)
libkmod shared library
This library provides an API for insertion, removal, configuration and
listing of kernel modules.
libc6
liblzma5
libssl3
libzstd1
(None)
(None)
MIT Kerberos runtime libraries
Kerberos is a system for authenticating users and services on a network.
Kerberos is a trusted third-party service. That means that there is a
third party (the Kerberos server) that is trusted by all the entities on
the network (users and services, usually called "principals").
.
This is the MIT reference implementation of Kerberos V5.
.
This package contains the runtime library for the main Kerberos v5 API
used by applications and Kerberos clients.
libc6
libcom-err2
libk5crypto3
libkeyutils1
libkrb5support0
libssl3
(None)
(None)
module using libc functions for internationalization in Perl
The Locale::gettext module permits access from perl to the gettext() family of
functions for retrieving message strings from databases constructed
to internationalize software.
.
It provides gettext(), dgettext(), dcgettext(), textdomain(),
bindtextdomain(), bind_textdomain_codeset(), ngettext(), dcngettext()
and dngettext().
libc6
perl-base
perlapi-5.36.0
(None)
(None)
Fast LZ compression algorithm library - runtime
LZ4 is a very fast lossless compression algorithm, providing compression speed
at 400 MB/s per core, scalable with multi-cores CPU. It also features an
extremely fast decoder, with speed in multiple GB/s per core, typically
reaching RAM speed limits on multi-core systems.
.
This package includes the shared library.
libc6
(None)
(None)
XZ-format compression library
XZ is the successor to the Lempel-Ziv/Markov-chain Algorithm
compression format, which provides memory-hungry but powerful
compression (often better than bzip2) and fast, easy decompression.
.
The native format of liblzma is XZ; it also supports raw (headerless)
streams and the older LZMA format used by lzma. (For 7-Zip's related
format, use the p7zip package instead.)
libc6
(None)
(None)
Recognize the type of data in a file using "magic" numbers - library
This library can be used to classify files according to magic number
tests. It implements the core functionality of the file command.
libbz2-1.0
libc6
liblzma5
libmagic-mgc
zlib1g
/etc/magic
/etc/magic.mime
(None)
message digest functions from BSD systems - shared library
The libmd library provides various message digest ("hash") functions,
as found on various BSDs on a library with the same name and with a
compatible API.
libc6
(None)
(None)
minimalistic Netlink communication library
libmnl is a minimalistic user-space library oriented to Netlink developers.
There are a lot of common tasks in parsing, validating, constructing of
both the Netlink header and TLVs that are repetitive and easy to get wrong.
This library aims to provide simple helpers that allows you to re-use code
and to avoid re-inventing the wheel.
.
The main features of this library are:
.
Small: the shared library requires around 30KB for an x86-based computer.
.
Simple: this library avoids complexity and elaborated abstractions that
tend to hide Netlink details.
.
Easy to use: the library simplifies the work for Netlink-wise developers.
It provides functions to make socket handling, message building,
validating, parsing and sequence tracking, easier.
.
Easy to re-use: you can use the library to build your own abstraction
layer on top of this library.
.
Decoupling: the interdependency of the main bricks that compose the
library is reduced, i.e. the library provides many helpers, but the
programmer is not forced to use them.
.
This package contains the shared libraries needed to run programs that use
the minimalistic Netlink communication library.
libc6
(None)
(None)
device mounting library
This device mounting library is used by mount and umount helpers.
libblkid1
libc6
libselinux1
(None)
(None)
shared libraries for terminal handling (wide character support)
The ncurses library routines are a terminal-independent method of
updating character screens with reasonable optimization.
.
This package contains the shared libraries necessary to run programs
compiled with ncursesw, which includes support for wide characters.
libc6
libtinfo6
(None)
(None)
low level cryptographic library (symmetric and one-way cryptos)
Nettle is a cryptographic library that is designed to fit easily in more or
less any context: In crypto toolkits for object-oriented languages (C++,
Python, Pike, ...), in applications like LSH or GNUPG, or even in kernel
space.
.
It tries to solve a problem of providing a common set of cryptographic
algorithms for higher-level applications by implementing a
context-independent set of cryptographic algorithms. In that light, Nettle
doesn't do any memory allocation or I/O, it simply provides the
cryptographic algorithms for the application to use in any environment and
in any way it needs.
.
This package contains the symmetric and one-way cryptographic
algorithms. To avoid having this package depend on libgmp, the
asymmetric cryptos reside in a separate library, libhogweed.
libc6
(None)
(None)
Not Erik's Windowing Toolkit - text mode windowing with slang
Newt is a windowing toolkit for text mode built from the slang library.
It allows color text mode applications to easily use stackable windows,
push buttons, check boxes, radio buttons, lists, entry fields, labels,
and displayable text. Scrollbars are supported, and forms may be nested
to provide extra functionality. This package contains the shared library
for programs that have been built with newt.
libc6
libslang2
(None)
(None)
Netfilter nftables high level userspace API library
This library provides high level semantics to interact with the nftables
framework by Netfilter project.
.
nftables replaces the old popular iptables, ip6tables, arptables and ebtables.
.
Netfilter software and nftables in particular are used in applications such
as Internet connection sharing, firewalls, IP accounting, transparent
proxying, advanced routing and traffic control.
.
A Linux kernel >= 3.13 is required. However, >= 4.14 is recommended.
.
This package contains the libnftables library.
libc6
libgmp10
libjansson4
libmnl0
libnftnl11
libxtables12
(None)
(None)
library for loading and coordinating access to PKCS#11 modules - runtime
The p11-kit library provides a way to load and enumerate Public-Key
Cryptography Standard #11 modules, along with a standard configuration
setup for installing PKCS#11 modules so that they're discoverable. It
also solves problems with coordinating the use of PKCS#11 by different
components or libraries living in the same process.
.
This package contains the shared library required for applications loading
and accessing PKCS#11 modules.
libc6
libffi8
(None)
(None)
Pluggable Authentication Modules library
Contains the shared library for Linux-PAM, a library that enables the
local system administrator to choose how applications authenticate users.
In other words, without rewriting or recompiling a PAM-aware application,
it is possible to switch between the authentication mechanism(s) it uses.
One may entirely upgrade the local authentication system without touching
the applications themselves.
debconf
libaudit1
libc6
(None)
(None)
PCI utilities (shared library)
This package contains the libpci shared library files.
.
The libpci library provides portable access to configuration
registers of devices connected to the PCI bus.
libc6
libudev1
pci.ids
zlib1g
(None)
(None)
New Perl Compatible Regular Expression Library- 8 bit runtime files
This is PCRE2, the new implementation of PCRE, a library of functions
to support regular expressions whose syntax and semantics are as
close as possible to those of the Perl 5 language. New projects
should use this library in preference to the older library,
confusingly called pcre3 in Debian.
.
This package contains the 8 bit runtime library, which operates on
ASCII and UTF-8 input.
libc6
(None)
(None)
shared Perl library
This package contains the shared Perl library, used by applications
which embed a Perl interpreter.
.
It also contains the architecture-dependent parts of the standard
library (and depends on perl-modules-5.36 which contains the
architecture-independent parts).
libbz2-1.0
libc6
libcrypt1
libdb5.3
libgdbm-compat4
libgdbm6
perl-modules-5.36
zlib1g
(None)
/usr/bin/cpan5.36-x86_64-linux-gnu
/usr/bin/perl5.36-x86_64-linux-gnu
Unix process pipeline manipulation library
This is a C library for setting up and running pipelines of processes,
without needing to involve shell command-line parsing which is often
error-prone and insecure.
libc6
(None)
(None)
lib for parsing cmdline parameters
Popt was heavily influenced by the getopt() and getopt_long() functions,
but it allows more powerful argument expansion. It can parse arbitrary
argv[] style arrays and automatically set variables based on command
line arguments. It also allows command line arguments to be aliased via
configuration files and includes utility functions for parsing arbitrary
strings into argv[] arrays using shell-like rules.
.
This package contains the runtime library and locale data.
libc6
(None)
(None)
library for accessing process information from /proc
The libproc2 library is a way of accessing information out of the /proc
filesystem.
.
This package contains the shared libraries necessary to run programs
compiled with libproc2.
libc6
libsystemd0
(None)
(None)
Protocol Buffers C shared library (protobuf-c)
Protocol Buffers are a flexible, efficient, automated mechanism for
serializing structured data - similar to XML, but smaller, faster, and
simpler. You define how you want your data to be structured once, then you can
use special generated source code to easily write and read your structured
data to and from a variety of data streams and using a variety of languages.
You can even update your data structure without breaking deployed programs
that are compiled against the "old" format.
.
This is the "protobuf-c" implementation of Protocol Buffers in C.
.
This package contains the shared library.
libc6
(None)
(None)
Library for Public Suffix List (shared libraries)
Libpsl allows checking domains against the Public Suffix List.
It can be used to avoid privacy-leaking 'super-cookies',
'super domain' certificates, for domain highlighting purposes
sorting domain lists by site and more.
.
Please see https://publicsuffix.org for more detailed information.
.
This package contains runtime libraries.
libc6
libidn2-0
libunistring2
(None)
(None)
GNU readline and history libraries, run-time libraries
The GNU readline library aids in the consistency of user interface
across discrete programs that need to provide a command line
interface.
.
The GNU history library provides a consistent user interface for
recalling lines of previously typed input.
libc6
libtinfo6
readline-common
(None)
(None)
high level interface to Linux seccomp filter
This library provides a high level interface to constructing, analyzing
and installing seccomp filters via a BPF passed to the Linux Kernel's
prctl() syscall.
libc6
(None)
(None)
SELinux runtime shared libraries
This package provides the shared libraries for Security-enhanced
Linux that provides interfaces (e.g. library functions for the
SELinux kernel APIs like getcon(), other support functions like
getseuserbyname()) to SELinux-aware applications. Security-enhanced
Linux is a patch of the Linux kernel and a number of utilities with
enhanced security functionality designed to add mandatory access
controls to Linux. The Security-enhanced Linux kernel contains new
architectural components originally developed to improve the security
of the Flask operating system. These architectural components provide
general support for the enforcement of many kinds of mandatory access
control policies, including those based on the concepts of Type
Enforcement, Role-based Access Control, and Multi-level Security.
.
libselinux1 provides an API for SELinux applications to get and set
process and file security contexts and to obtain security policy
decisions. Required for any applications that use the SELinux
API. libselinux may use the shared libsepol to manipulate the binary
policy if necessary (e.g. to downgrade the policy format to an older
version supported by the kernel) when loading policy.
libc6
libpcre2-8-0
(None)
(None)
SELinux policy management library
This package provides the shared libraries for SELinux policy management.
It uses libsepol for binary policy manipulation and libselinux for
interacting with the SELinux system. It also exec's helper programs
for loading policy and for checking whether the file_contexts
configuration is valid (load_policy and setfiles from
policycoreutils) presently, although this may change at least for the
bootstrapping case
.
Security-enhanced Linux is a patch of the Linux kernel and a
number of utilities with enhanced security functionality designed to
add mandatory access controls to Linux. The Security-enhanced Linux
kernel contains new architectural components originally developed to
improve the security of the Flask operating system. These
architectural components provide general support for the enforcement
of many kinds of mandatory access control policies, including those
based on the concepts of Type Enforcement, Role-based Access
Control, and Multi-level Security.
libaudit1
libbz2-1.0
libc6
libselinux1
libsemanage-common
libsepol2
(None)
(None)
S-Lang programming library - runtime version
S-Lang is a C programmer's library that includes routines for the rapid
development of sophisticated, user friendly, multi-platform applications.
.
This package contains only the shared library libslang.so.* and copyright
information. It is only necessary for programs that use this library (such
as jed and slrn). If you plan on doing development with S-Lang, you will
need the companion -dev package as well.
libc6
(None)
(None)
smart column output alignment library
This smart column output alignment library is used by fdisk utilities.
libc6
(None)
(None)
command-line interface parsing library
libss provides a simple command-line interface parser which will
accept input from the user, parse the command into an argv argument
vector, and then dispatch it to a handler function.
.
It was originally inspired by the Multics SubSystem library.
libc6
libcom-err2
(None)
(None)
Secure Sockets Layer toolkit - shared libraries
This package is part of the OpenSSL project's implementation of the SSL
and TLS cryptographic protocols for secure communication over the
Internet.
.
It provides the libssl and libcrypto shared libraries.
libc6
(None)
(None)
GNU Standard C++ Library v3
This package contains an additional runtime library for C++ programs
built with the GNU compiler.
.
libstdc++-v3 is a complete rewrite from the previous libstdc++-v2, which
was included up to g++-2.95. The first version of libstdc++-v3 appeared
in g++-3.0.
gcc-12-base
libc6
libgcc-s1
(None)
(None)
systemd shared private library
This internal shared library provides common code used by various systemd
components. It is supposed to decrease memory and disk footprint.
The shared library is not meant for public use and is not API or ABI stable.
libacl1
libapparmor1
libaudit1
libblkid1
libc6
libcap2
libcrypt1
libgcrypt20
libip4tc2
libkmod2
liblz4-1
liblzma5
libmount1
libpam0g
libseccomp2
libselinux1
libssl3
libzstd1
(None)
(None)
systemd utility library
This library provides APIs to interface with various system components such as
the system journal, the system service manager, D-Bus and more.
libc6
libcap2
libgcrypt20
liblz4-1
liblzma5
libzstd1
(None)
(None)
get display widths of characters on the terminal
Text::CharWidth permits one to get the display widths of characters
and strings on the terminal, using wcwidth() and wcswidth() from libc.
.
It provides mbwidth(), mbswidth(), and mblen().
libc6
perl-base
perlapi-5.36.0
(None)
(None)
module to convert between character sets in Perl
The iconv() family of functions from XPG4 defines an API for converting
between character sets (e.g. UTF-8 to Latin1, EBCDIC to ASCII). They
are provided by libc6.
.
This package allows access to them from Perl via the Text::Iconv
package.
libc6
perl-base
perlapi-5.36.0
(None)
(None)
internationalized substitute of Text::Wrap
The Text::WrapI18N module is a substitution for Text::Wrap, supporting
multibyte characters such as UTF-8, EUC-JP, and GB2312, fullwidth characters
such as east Asian characters, combining characters such as diacritical marks
and Thai, and languages which don't use whitespaces between words such as
Chinese and Japanese.
.
It provides wrap().
libtext-charwidth-perl
(None)
(None)
shared low-level terminfo library for terminal handling
The ncurses library routines are a terminal-independent method of
updating character screens with reasonable optimization.
.
This package contains the shared low-level terminfo library.
libc6
(None)
(None)
transport-independent RPC library
This package contains a port of Sun's transport-independent RPC library to
Linux. The library is intended as a replacement for the RPC code in the GNU C
library, providing among others support for RPC (and in turn, NFS) over IPv6.
libc6
libgssapi-krb5-2
libtirpc-common
(None)
(None)
universal charset detection library - shared library
uchardet is a C language binding of the original C++ implementation
of the universal charset detection library by Mozilla.
.
uchardet is a encoding detector library, which takes a sequence of
bytes in an unknown character encoding without any additional
information, and attempts to determine the encoding of the text.
.
This package contains the shared library.
libc6
libgcc-s1
libstdc++6
(None)
(None)
libudev shared library
This library provides APIs to introspect and enumerate devices on the local
system.
libc6
(None)
(None)
Universally Unique ID library
The libuuid library generates and parses 128-bit Universally Unique
IDs (UUIDs). A UUID is an identifier that is unique within the space
of all such identifiers across both space and time. It can be used for
multiple purposes, from tagging objects with an extremely short lifetime
to reliably identifying very persistent objects across a network.
.
See RFC 4122 for more information.
libc6
(None)
(None)
netfilter xtables library
The iptables/xtables framework has been replaced by nftables. You should
consider migrating now.
.
However, even if a given system may be fully running on native nftables,
there are other reasons why libxtables might be installed. For one, nftables
itself uses it to be able to display old rulesets that were created using
xtables extensions (to help folks migrate). Other third-party software might
also be linked to this library.
.
This library being installed in the system should be harmless in any case.
.
This package contains the user-space interface to the Netfilter xtables
kernel framework.
libc6
(None)
(None)
fast lossless compression algorithm
Zstd, short for Zstandard, is a fast lossless compression algorithm, targeting
real-time compression scenarios at zlib-level compression ratio.
.
This package contains the shared library.
libc6
(None)
(None)
save the output of a command in a log file
The logsave program will execute cmd_prog with the specified
argument(s), and save a copy of its output to logfile. If the
containing directory for logfile does not exist, logsave will
accumulate the output in memory until it can be written out. A copy
of the output will also be written to standard output.
libc6
(None)
/sbin/logsave
Debians mailcap system, and support programs
The mailcap system associates media types with programs that can handle them,
using system and user configuration files. A files media type is determined
by its extension or by running the "file" command if available.
.
Other packages register their programs as viewers/editors/composers/etc by
placing mailcap entry files or FreeDesktop menu entries in predetermined
directories monitored by this packages dpkg triggers.
.
This package provides a "run-mailcap" program to open arbitrary files, and in
addition the "see", "edit", "compose", and "print" aliases to display, alter,
create, and print (respectively).
.
This package also provides the "debian-view" utility to handle Debian packages
interactively.
media-types
perl
/etc/mailcap.order
/usr/bin/compose
/usr/bin/edit
/usr/bin/print
/usr/bin/run-mailcap
/usr/bin/see
/usr/sbin/update-mime
Secure Sockets Layer toolkit - cryptographic utility
This package is part of the OpenSSL project's implementation of the SSL
and TLS cryptographic protocols for secure communication over the
Internet.
.
It contains the general-purpose command line binary /usr/bin/openssl,
useful for cryptographic operations such as:
creating RSA, DH, and DSA key parameters;
creating X.509 certificates, CSRs, and CRLs;
calculating message digests;
encrypting and decrypting with ciphers;
testing SSL/TLS clients and servers;
handling S/MIME signed or encrypted mail.
libc6
libssl3
/etc/ssl/openssl.cnf
/usr/bin/c_rehash
/usr/bin/openssl
Core Perl modules
Architecture independent Perl modules. These modules are part of Perl and
required if the perl' package is installed.
.
Note that this package only exists to save archive space and should be
considered an internal implementation detail of the perl' package.
Other packages should not depend on perl-modules-5.36' directly, they
should use perl' (which depends on perl-modules-5.36') instead.
dpkg
perl-base
(None)
(None)
interactive high-level object-oriented language (default python3 version)
Python, the high-level, interactive object oriented language,
includes an extensive class library with lots of goodies for
network programming, system administration, sounds and graphics.
.
This package is a dependency package, which depends on Debian's default
Python 3 version (currently v3.11).
libpython3-stdlib
python3-minimal
python3.11
(None)
/usr/bin/pdb3
/usr/bin/pydoc3
/usr/bin/pygettext3
Python 3 interface to libapt-pkg
The apt_pkg Python 3 interface will provide full access to the internal
libapt-pkg structures allowing Python 3 programs to easily perform a
variety of functions, such as:
.
Access to the APT configuration system
Access to the APT package information database
Parsing of Debian package control files, and other files with a
similar structure
.
The included 'aptsources' Python interface provides an abstraction of
the sources.list configuration on the repository and the distro level.
distro-info-data
libapt-pkg6.0
libc6
libgcc-s1
libstdc++6
python-apt-common
python3
python3:any
(None)
(None)
interact with debconf from Python 3
Debconf is a configuration management system for debian packages. Packages
use Debconf to ask questions when they are installed.
.
This package provides a debconf module to allow Python 3 programs to
interact with a debconf frontend.
debconf
python3:any
(None)
(None)
Python 3 modules to work with Debian-related data formats
This package provides Python 3 modules that abstract many formats of Debian
related files. Currently handled are:
Debtags information (debian.debtags module)
debian/changelog (debian.changelog module)
Packages files, pdiffs (debian.debian_support module)
Control files of single or multiple RFC822-style paragraphs, e.g.
debian/control, .changes, .dsc, Packages, Sources, Release, etc.
(debian.deb822 module)
Raw .deb and .ar files, with (read-only) access to contained
files and meta-information
python3-chardet
python3:any
(None)
(None)
Python interface to Debian's Bug Tracking System
This package provides the debianbts module, which allows one to query Debian's
BTS via it's SOAP-interface and returns the answer in Python's native data
types.
python3-pysimplesoap
python3:any
(None)
/usr/bin/debianbts
elegant and simple HTTP library for Python3, built for human beings
Requests allow you to send HTTP/1.1 requests. You can add headers, form data,
multipart files, and parameters with simple Python dictionaries, and access
the response data in the same way. It's powered by httplib and urllib3, but
it does all the hard work and crazy hacks for you.
.
Features
.
International Domains and URLs
Keep-Alive & Connection Pooling
Sessions with Cookie Persistence
Browser-style SSL Verification
Basic/Digest Authentication
Elegant Key/Value Cookies
Automatic Decompression
Unicode Response Bodies
Multipart File Uploads
Connection Timeouts
.
This package contains the Python 3 version of the library.
ca-certificates
python3-certifi
python3-chardet
python3-charset-normalizer
python3-idna
python3-urllib3
python3:any
(None)
(None)
tool for selecting tasks for installation on Debian systems
This package provides 'tasksel', a simple interface for users who
want to configure their system to perform a specific task.
apt
debconf
liblocale-gettext-perl
tasksel-data
(None)
/usr/bin/tasksel
Convert the system to the merged /usr directories scheme
This package will automatically convert the system to the merged
/usr directory scheme, in which the /{bin,sbin,lib}/ directories are
symlinked to their counterparts in /usr/.
.
There is no automatic method to restore the precedent configuration, so
there is no going back once this package has been installed.
libfile-find-rule-perl
perl:any
(None)
(None)
compression library - runtime
zlib is a library implementing the deflate compression method found
in gzip and PKZIP. This package includes the shared library.
libc6
(None)
(None)
There is no classification as extra necessary packages. These are the packages that are not classified as required, important, standard, or necessary; but some of the necessary packages are depended on these packages.
So you may expect these packages in Debian installations too.
Some packages listed here are virtual packages.
Virtual packages are placeholders that represent a group of packages with similar functionality. These virtual packages allow users to install any package that provides the functionality specified by the virtual package name. They are particularly useful for creating dependencies between packages without tying them to specific implementations.
I mark the following packages are marked as extra-necessary:
dbus-session-bus-common: simple interprocess messaging system (session bus configuration)
distro-info-data: information about the distributions' releases (data files)
gcc-12-base: GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection (base package)
libapparmor1: changehat AppArmor library
libargon2-1: memory-hard hashing function - runtime library
libaudit-common: Dynamic library for security auditing - common files
libcbor0.8: library for parsing and generating CBOR (RFC 7049)
libdevmapper1.02.1: Linux Kernel Device Mapper userspace library
libffi8: Foreign Function Interface library runtime
libfile-find-rule-perl: module to search for files based on rules
libfstrm0: Frame Streams (fstrm) library
libgdbm-compat4: GNU dbm database routines (legacy support runtime version)
libhogweed6: low level cryptographic library (public-key cryptos)
libip4tc2: netfilter libip4tc library
libjansson4: C library for encoding, decoding and manipulating JSON data
libjemalloc2: general-purpose scalable concurrent malloc(3) implementation
libjson-c5: JSON manipulation library - shared library
libkeyutils1: Linux Key Management Utilities (library)
libkrb5support0: MIT Kerberos runtime libraries - Support library
liblmdb0: Lightning Memory-Mapped Database shared library
libmagic-mgc: File type determination library using "magic" numbers (compiled magic file)
libmaxminddb0: IP geolocation database library
libnftnl11: Netfilter nftables userspace API library
libnghttp2-14: library implementing HTTP/2 protocol (shared library)
libpython3-stdlib: interactive high-level object-oriented language (default python3 version)
libsemanage-common: Common files for SELinux policy management libraries
libsepol2: SELinux library for manipulating binary security policies
libtasn1-6: Manage ASN.1 structures (runtime)
libtirpc-common: transport-independent RPC library - common files
libunistring2: Unicode string library for C
libuv1: asynchronous event notification library - runtime library
libxml2: GNOME XML library
libxxhash0: shared library for xxhash
pci.ids: PCI ID Repository
perlapi-5.36.0: Virtual package provided by perl-base
python-apt-common: Python interface to libapt-pkg (locales)
python3-certifi: root certificates for validating SSL certs and verifying TLS hosts (python3)
python3-chardet: Universal Character Encoding Detector (Python3)
python3-charset-normalizer: charset, encoding and language detection (Python 3)
python3-idna: Python IDNA2008 (RFC 5891) handling (Python 3)
python3-minimal: minimal subset of the Python language (default python3 version)
python3-pysimplesoap: simple and lightweight SOAP Library (Python 3)
python3-urllib3: HTTP library with thread-safe connection pooling for Python3
python3.11: Interactive high-level object-oriented language (version 3.11)
simple interprocess messaging system (session bus configuration)
D-Bus is a message bus, used for sending messages between applications.
Conceptually, it fits somewhere in between raw sockets and CORBA in
terms of complexity.
.
This package contains the configuration files defining the behaviour of
the D-Bus session bus, used for applications and per-user services.
These are used by the reference implementation in the dbus package,
and by the reimplementation in the dbus-broker package.
.
To provide a complete D-Bus session bus, install one of the packages
that implement the dbus-session-bus virtual package, such as
dbus-user-session. The recommended implementation is indicated by
the default-dbus-session-bus virtual package.
(None)
(None)
(None)
information about the distributions' releases (data files)
Information about all releases of Debian and Ubuntu. The distro-info script
will give you the codename for e.g. the latest stable release of your
distribution. To get information about a specific distribution there are the
debian-distro-info and the ubuntu-distro-info scripts.
.
This package contains the data files.
(None)
(None)
(None)
GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection (base package)
This package contains files common to all languages and libraries
contained in the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC).
(None)
(None)
(None)
changehat AppArmor library
libapparmor1 provides a shared library one can compile programs
against in order to use various AppArmor functionality,
such as transitioning to a different AppArmor profile or hat.
libc6
(None)
(None)
memory-hard hashing function - runtime library
Argon2 is a password-hashing function that can be used to hash passwords
for credential storage, key derivation, or other applications.
.
There are two main versions of Argon2: Argon2i and Argon2d.
Argon2i is the safest against side-channel attacks, while Argon2d provides
the highest resistance against GPU cracking attacks.
.
Argon2i and Argon2d are parametrized by:
A time cost, which defines the amount of computation realized and
therefore the execution time, given in number of iterations
A memory cost, which defines the memory usage, given in kibibytes
A parallelism degree, which defines the number of parallel threads
.
This package includes the dynamic library against which programs are linked.
libc6
(None)
(None)
Dynamic library for security auditing - common files
The audit-libs package contains the dynamic libraries needed for
applications to use the audit framework. It is used to monitor systems for
security related events.
.
This package contains the libaudit.conf configuration file and the associated
manpage.
(None)
/etc/libaudit.conf
(None)
library for parsing and generating CBOR (RFC 7049)
CBOR is a general-purpose schema-less binary data format, defined in
RFC 7049. This package provides a C library for parsing and generating
CBOR. The main features are:
.
Complete RFC conformance
Robust C99 implementation
Layered architecture offers both control and convenience
Flexible memory management
No shared global state - threading friendly
Proper handling of UTF-8
Full support for streams & incremental processing
Extensive documentation and test suite
No runtime dependencies, small footprint
.
This package contains the runtime library.
libc6
(None)
(None)
Linux Kernel Device Mapper userspace library
The Linux Kernel Device Mapper is the LVM (Linux Logical Volume Management)
Teams implementation of a minimalistic kernel-space driver that handles
volume management, while keeping knowledge of the underlying device layout
in user-space. This makes it useful for not only LVM, but software raid,
and other drivers that create "virtual" block devices.
.
This package contains the (user-space) shared library for accessing the
device-mapper; it allows usage of the device-mapper through a clean,
consistent interface (as opposed to through kernel ioctls).
dmsetup
libc6
libselinux1
libudev1
(None)
(None)
Foreign Function Interface library runtime
A foreign function interface is the popular name for the interface that
allows code written in one language to call code written in another
language.
libc6
(None)
(None)
module to search for files based on rules
File::Find::Rule is a Perl module which essentially provides an easy-to-use
interface to the popular module, File::Find. It provides a way to build rules
that specify desired file and directory names using a text-globbing syntax
(provided by Text::Glob). This makes it useful for simple tasks, like finding
all ".pm" files in a given directory.
libnumber-compare-perl
libtext-glob-perl
perl:any
(None)
/usr/bin/findrule
Frame Streams (fstrm) library
Frame Streams is a light weight, binary clean protocol that allows for the
transport of arbitrarily encoded data payload sequences with minimal framing
overhead -- just four bytes per data frame. Frame Streams does not specify an
encoding format for data frames and can be used with any data serialization
format that produces byte sequences, such as Protocol Buffers, XML, JSON,
MessagePack, YAML, etc. Frame Streams can be used as both a streaming
transport over a reliable byte stream socket (TCP sockets, TLS connections,
AF_UNIX sockets, etc.) for data in motion as well as a file format for data
at rest. A "Content Type" header identifies the type of payload being carried
over an individual Frame Stream and allows cooperating programs to determine
how to interpret a given sequence of data payloads.
.
This is the "fstrm" implementation of Frame Streams in C.
.
This package contains the shared library.
libc6
(None)
(None)
GNU dbm database routines (legacy support runtime version)
GNU dbm ('gdbm') is a library of database functions that use extendible
hashing and works similarly to the standard UNIX 'dbm' functions.
.
The basic use of 'gdbm' is to store key/data pairs in a data file, thus
providing a persistent version of the 'dictionary' Abstract Data Type
('hash' to perl programmers).
This package includes library files, required to run old programs,
that use legacy 'dbm' interface. For new programs, please use modern
interface, provided by libgdbm6 and libgdbm-dev.
libc6
libgdbm6
(None)
(None)
low level cryptographic library (public-key cryptos)
Nettle is a cryptographic library that is designed to fit easily in more or
less any context: In crypto toolkits for object-oriented languages (C++,
Python, Pike, ...), in applications like LSH or GNUPG, or even in kernel
space.
.
It tries to solve a problem of providing a common set of cryptographic
algorithms for higher-level applications by implementing a
context-independent set of cryptographic algorithms. In that light, Nettle
doesn't do any memory allocation or I/O, it simply provides the
cryptographic algorithms for the application to use in any environment and
in any way it needs.
.
This package contains the asymmetric cryptographic algorithms, which,
require the GNU multiple precision arithmetic library (libgmp) for
their large integer computations.
libc6
libgmp10
libnettle8
(None)
(None)
netfilter libip4tc library
The iptables/xtables framework has been replaced by nftables. You should
consider migrating now.
.
This package contains the user-space iptables (IPv4) C library from the
Netfilter xtables framework.
.
iptables IPv4 ruleset ADT and kernel interface.
.
This library has been considered private for years (and still is), in the
sense of changing symbols and backward compatibility not guaranteed.
libc6
(None)
(None)
C library for encoding, decoding and manipulating JSON data
Jansson is a C library for encoding, decoding and manipulating JSON data.
.
It features:
Simple and intuitive API and data model
Comprehensive documentation
No dependencies on other libraries
Full Unicode support (UTF-8)
Extensive test suite
libc6
(None)
(None)
general-purpose scalable concurrent malloc(3) implementation
A library providing a malloc(3) implementation for multi-threaded processes on
multi-processor systems.
.
Notable features are reduced lock contention, predictable low fragmentation,
and introspection with heap profiling.
libc6
libgcc-s1
libstdc++6
(None)
(None)
JSON manipulation library - shared library
This library allows you to easily construct JSON objects in C,
output them as JSON formatted strings and parse JSON formatted
strings back into the C representation of JSON objects.
libc6
(None)
(None)
Linux Key Management Utilities (library)
Keyutils is a set of utilities for managing the key retention facility in the
kernel, which can be used by filesystems, block devices and more to gain and
retain the authorization and encryption keys required to perform secure
operations.
.
This package provides a wrapper library for the key management facility system
calls.
libc6
(None)
(None)
MIT Kerberos runtime libraries - Support library
Kerberos is a system for authenticating users and services on a network.
Kerberos is a trusted third-party service. That means that there is a
third party (the Kerberos server) that is trusted by all the entities on
the network (users and services, usually called "principals").
.
This is the MIT reference implementation of Kerberos V5.
.
This package contains an internal runtime support library used by other
Kerberos libraries.
libc6
(None)
(None)
Lightning Memory-Mapped Database shared library
This package contains the LMDB shared library.
.
Lighting Memory-Mapped Database (LMDB) is an ultra-fast, ultra-compact
key-value embedded data store developed for the OpenLDAP Project. It uses
memory-mapped files, so it has the read performance of a pure in-memory
database while still offering the persistence of standard disk-based
databases, and is only limited to the size of the virtual address space, (it
is not limited to the size of physical RAM).
libc6
(None)
(None)
File type determination library using "magic" numbers (compiled magic file)
This package provides the compiled magic file "magic.mgc". It has
been separated from libmagic1 in order to meet the multiarch
requirements without breaking applications that expect this file
at its absolute path.
(None)
(None)
(None)
IP geolocation database library
The libmaxminddb library provides a C library for reading MaxMind DB files,
including the GeoIP2 databases from MaxMind. This is a custom binary format
designed to facilitate fast lookups of IP addresses while allowing for great
flexibility in the type of data associated with an address.
.
The MaxMind DB format is an open format. The spec is available at
http://maxmind.github.io/MaxMind-DB/. This spec is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
libc6
(None)
(None)
Netfilter nftables userspace API library
libnftnl is the low-level library for Netfilter 4th generation
framework nftables.
.
Is the user-space library for low-level interaction with
nftables Netlink's API over libmnl.
libc6
libmnl0
(None)
(None)
library implementing HTTP/2 protocol (shared library)
This is an implementation of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol version
2 in C. The framing layer of HTTP/2 is implemented as a reusable C
library.
.
This package installs a shared library.
libc6
(None)
(None)
interactive high-level object-oriented language (default python3 version)
This package contains the majority of the standard library for the Python
language (default python3 version).
.
This package is a dependency package, which depends on Debian's default
Python 3 version's standard library (currently v3.11).
libpython3.11-stdlib
(None)
(None)
Common files for SELinux policy management libraries
This package provides the common files used by the shared libraries
for SELinux policy management.
.
Security-enhanced Linux is a patch of the Linux kernel and a
number of utilities with enhanced security functionality designed to
add mandatory access controls to Linux. The Security-enhanced Linux
kernel contains new architectural components originally developed to
improve the security of the Flask operating system. These
architectural components provide general support for the enforcement
of many kinds of mandatory access control policies, including those
based on the concepts of Type Enforcement, Role-based Access
Control, and Multi-level Security.
(None)
/etc/selinux/semanage.conf
(None)
SELinux library for manipulating binary security policies
Security-enhanced Linux is a patch of the Linux kernel and a number
of utilities with enhanced security functionality designed to add
mandatory access controls to Linux. The Security-enhanced Linux
kernel contains new architectural components originally developed to
improve the security of the Flask operating system. These
architectural components provide general support for the enforcement
of many kinds of mandatory access control policies, including those
based on the concepts of Type Enforcement\xc2\xae, Role-based Access
Control, and Multi-level Security.
.
libsepol provides an API for the manipulation of SELinux binary policies.
It is used by checkpolicy (the policy compiler) and similar tools, as well
as by programs like load_policy that need to perform specific transformations
on binary policies such as customizing policy boolean settings.
libc6
(None)
(None)
Manage ASN.1 structures (runtime)
Manage ASN1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) structures.
The main features of this library are:
on-line ASN1 structure management that doesn't require any C code
file generation.
off-line ASN1 structure management with C code file generation
containing an array.
DER (Distinguish Encoding Rules) encoding
no limits for INTEGER and ENUMERATED values
.
This package contains runtime libraries.
libc6
(None)
(None)
transport-independent RPC library - common files
This package contains a port of Sun's transport-independent RPC library to
Linux. The library is intended as a replacement for the RPC code in the GNU C
library, providing among others support for RPC (and in turn, NFS) over IPv6.
.
This package contains the netconfig configuration file as well as the
associated manpage.
(None)
/etc/netconfig
(None)
Unicode string library for C
The 'libunistring' library implements Unicode strings (in the UTF-8,
UTF-16, and UTF-32 encodings), together with functions for Unicode
characters (character names, classifications, properties) and
functions for string processing (formatted output, width, word
breaks, line breaks, normalization, case folding, regular
expressions).
.
This package contains the shared library.
libc6
(None)
(None)
asynchronous event notification library - runtime library
Libuv is the asynchronous library behind Node.js. Very similar to libevent or
libev, it provides the main elements for event driven systems: watching and
waiting for availability in a set of sockets, and some other events like timers
or asynchronous messages. However, libuv also comes with some other extras
like:
files watchers and asynchronous operations
a portable TCP and UDP API, as well as asynchronous DNS resolution
processes and threads management, and a portable inter-process
communications mechanism, with pipes and work queues
a plugins mechanism for loading libraries dynamically
interface with external libraries that also need to access the I/O.
.
This package includes the dynamic library against which you can link
your program.
libc6
(None)
(None)
GNOME XML library
XML is a metalanguage to let you design your own markup language.
A regular markup language defines a way to describe information in
a certain class of documents (eg HTML). XML lets you define your
own customized markup languages for many classes of document. It
can do this because it's written in SGML, the international standard
metalanguage for markup languages.
.
This package provides a library providing an extensive API to handle
such XML data files.
libc6
libicu72
liblzma5
zlib1g
(None)
(None)
shared library for xxhash
xxHash is an Extremely fast Hash algorithm, running at RAM speed limits.
It successfully completes the SMHasher test suite which evaluates collision,
dispersion and randomness qualities of hash functions. Code is highly portable,
and hashes are identical on all platforms (little / big endian).
.
This package contains the shared library.
libc6
(None)
(None)
PCI ID Repository
This package contains the pci.ids file, a public repository of all known
ID's used in PCI devices: ID's of vendors, devices, subsystems and device
classes. It is used in various programs to display full human-readable
names instead of cryptic numeric codes.
(None)
(None)
(None)
perlapi-5.36.0 is a virtual package provided by perl-base. If we install perl-base, this package will be seen as installed too.
As perl-base being a required package and was documented at 1.28. we may consider this package as documented too.
Python interface to libapt-pkg (locales)
The apt_pkg Python interface will provide full access to the internal
libapt-pkg structures allowing Python programs to easily perform a
variety of functions.
.
This package contains locales.
(None)
(None)
(None)
root certificates for validating SSL certs and verifying TLS hosts (python3)
Certifi is a carefully curated collection of Root Certificates for
validating the trustworthiness of SSL certificates while verifying
the identity of TLS hosts. It has been extracted from the Requests
project.
.
The version of certifi in this Debian package is patched to return
the location of Debian-provided CA certificates, instead of those
packaged by upstream.
.
This is the python3 package.
ca-certificates
python3:any
(None)
(None)
Universal Character Encoding Detector (Python3)
Chardet is a continuation of Mark Pilgrim's excellent original chardet port
from C, and Ian Cordasco's charade Python 3-compatible fork.
Chardet takes a sequence of bytes in an unknown character encoding, and
attempts to determine the encoding.
.
Supported encodings:
Big5, GB2312/GB18030, EUC-TW, HZ-GB-2312, and ISO-2022-CN (Traditional
and Simplified Chinese)
EUC-JP, SHIFT_JIS, and ISO-2022-JP (Japanese)
EUC-KR and ISO-2022-KR (Korean)
KOI8-R, MacCyrillic, IBM855, IBM866, ISO-8859-5, and windows-1251 (Russian)
ISO-8859-2 and windows-1250 (Hungarian)
ISO-8859-5 and windows-1251 (Bulgarian)
ISO-8859-1 and windows-1252 (Western European languages)
ISO-8859-7 and windows-1253 (Greek)
ISO-8859-8 and windows-1255 (Visual and Logical Hebrew)
TIS-620 (Thai)
UTF-32 BE, LE, 3412-ordered, or 2143-ordered (with a BOM)
UTF-16 BE or LE (with a BOM)
UTF-8 (with or without a BOM)
ASCII
.
This library is a port of the auto-detection code in Mozilla.
.
This package contains the Python 3 version of the library.
python3-pkg-resources
python3:any
(None)
/usr/bin/chardet
/usr/bin/chardetect
charset, encoding and language detection (Python 3)
charset-normalizer is a library for detection of charsets, encodings,
and languages in Python programs. It can be compared to chardet, with
a different approach, which intends to make it faster and more reliable.
charset-normalizer can also detect natural languages.
.
All IANA character set names for which the Python core library provides
codecs are supported.
.
This package installs the library for Python 3.
python3:any
(None)
/usr/bin/normalizer
Python IDNA2008 (RFC 5891) handling (Python 3)
A library to support the Internationalised Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)
protocol as specified in RFC 5891. This version of the protocol is often
referred to as \xe2\x80\x9cIDNA2008\xe2\x80\x9d and can produce different results from the earlier
standard from 2003.
.
The library is also intended to act as a suitable drop-in replacement for the
\xe2\x80\x9cencodings.idna\xe2\x80\x9d module that comes with the Python standard library but
currently only supports the older 2003 specification.
.
This package contains the module for Python 3.
python3:any
(None)
(None)
minimal subset of the Python language (default python3 version)
This package contains the interpreter and some essential modules. It's used
in the boot process for some basic tasks.
See /usr/share/doc/python3.11-minimal/README.Debian for a list of the modules
contained in this package.
dpkg
python3.11-minimal
(None)
/usr/bin/py3clean
/usr/bin/py3compile
/usr/bin/py3versions
/usr/bin/python3
simple and lightweight SOAP Library (Python 3)
Python simple and lightweight SOAP library for client and server webservices
interfaces, aimed to be as small and easy as possible, supporting most common
functionality. Initially it was inspired by PHP Soap Extension (mimicking its
functionality, simplicity and ease of use), with many advanced features added.
.
This package contains the Python 3 version of pysimplesoap .
python3-httplib2
python3-pycurl
python3:any
(None)
(None)
HTTP library with thread-safe connection pooling for Python3
urllib3 supports features left out of urllib and urllib2 libraries.
.
Re-use the same socket connection for multiple requests (HTTPConnectionPool
and HTTPSConnectionPool) (with optional client-side certificate
verification).
File posting (encode_multipart_formdata).
Built-in redirection and retries (optional).
Supports gzip and deflate decoding.
Thread-safe and sanity-safe.
Small and easy to understand codebase perfect for extending and
building upon.
.
This package contains the Python 3 version of the library.
python3-six
python3:any
(None)
(None)
Interactive high-level object-oriented language (version 3.11)
Python is a high-level, interactive, object-oriented language. Its 3.11 version
includes an extensive class library with lots of goodies for
network programming, system administration, sounds and graphics.
libpython3.11-stdlib
media-types
python3.11-minimal
(None)
/usr/bin/pdb3.11
/usr/bin/pydoc3.11
/usr/bin/pygettext3.11