LVM (Logical Volume Management)

Flexible disk management with LVM

0. Specs

0.1. The What

Logical Volume Manager (LVM) is a powerful tool for managing disk storage in Linux. It allows system administrators to create, resize, and manage disk partitions more flexibly than traditional partitioning methods.

LVM enables features such as volume resizing, snapshot creation, and effective management of multiple physical storage devices.

Note: For optimal use, LVM should be configured during OS installation. This allows LVM to manage nearly all disk space (except the boot partition, which cannot be in LVM).

It is also possible to install the OS without LVM and add it later. However, to use LVM for the / (root) partition, it must be set up during OS installation.

If the OS was installed without LVM, you can install the LVM package as follows:

sudo apt update
sudo apt -y install lvm2

0.2. Environment

Tested on the following distributions:

Debian 12
Debian 13
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS Server
Ubuntu 26.04 LTS Server

0.3. Sources

1. Layers of LVM

1.0. Abstract

LVM is structured in three layers:

Physical Volumes (PV) – Created from disks or partitions.
Volume Groups (VG) – Formed by combining PVs.
Logical Volumes (LV) – Defined within VGs.

1.1. Physical Volumes (PV)

Storage devices or partitions used by LVM as building blocks. These can be:

A complete hard drive
A disk partition
A RAID array

1.2. Volume Groups (VG)

Collections of one or more physical volumes. VGs act as a storage pool, aggregating space from multiple PVs. Logical volumes are created within volume groups.

1.3. Logical Volumes (LV)

Abstract representations of a portion of a volume group, similar to partitions in traditional disk management. LVs can be resized and moved without affecting stored data.

There are six main types of logical volumes:

1.3.1. Linear Logical Volume

The default logical volume type. Data is stored sequentially.

1.3.2. Mirrored Logical Volume

Provides data redundancy by maintaining multiple copies (mirrors) of the data. Offers fault tolerance: if one mirror fails, the others remain usable.

1.3.3. Snapshot Logical Volume

Creates a point-in-time copy (snapshot) of an existing logical volume. Useful for backups or creating consistent volume images for testing.

1.3.4. Thin Logical Volume

Enables efficient storage allocation through thin provisioning. Space is allocated only as needed, allowing more flexible use of storage resources.

1.3.5. Cache Logical Volume

Used to cache data for another logical volume, improving performance. Typically used with SSDs to cache data from slower spinning disks.

1.3.6. Striped Logical Volume

Stripes data evenly across multiple physical volumes to enhance I/O performance. Allows parallel read and write operations.

2. Physical Volume Commands

2.1. pvs

Displays physical volume information in a configurable format, showing one line per physical volume.

sudo pvs
sudo pvs /dev/sdb

2.2. pvscan

Scans all supported LVM block devices for physical volumes.

sudo pvscan

Locates and identifies physical volumes on the system and updates the LVM metadata cache.

2.3. pvdisplay

Provides a verbose multi-line output for each physical volume.

sudo pvdisplay
sudo pvdisplay /dev/sdb

Display a mapping of physical extents to corresponding logical volumes:

sudo pvdisplay -m /dev/sdb

2.4. pvcreate

Initializes a physical volume for use by LVM.

sudo pvcreate /dev/sdb
sudo pvcreate /dev/sdb1

Warning: Ensure the device or partition is not in use, as it will be erased.

After initialization, you can create or extend volume groups using vgcreate or vgextend, respectively.

2.5. pvremove

Removes LVM metadata from a physical volume.

sudo pvremove /dev/sdb
sudo pvremove /dev/sdb1

Warning: Ensure you are not removing a PV that is still in use. Remove any associated logical volumes and volume groups before running pvremove.

After removal, the device or partition can be repurposed (e.g., for a new partition or filesystem).

2.6. pvmove

Moves allocated physical extents from one physical volume to another within the same volume group.

Move all data from /dev/sda1 to /dev/sdb1 (both must be in the same VG):

sudo pvmove /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1

2.7. pvresize

Resizes a physical volume.

sudo pvresize /dev/sdb1

Used when the underlying block device has been resized.

2.8. pvchange

Changes properties (allocatable, UUID, tags, etc.) of a physical volume.

Make /dev/sdb1 allocatable:

sudo pvchange -x y /dev/sdb1

Deactivate (disable) the physical volume in verbose mode:

sudo pvchange -x y /dev/sdb1

2.9. pvck

Checks and repairs LVM metadata on physical volumes.

Check a PV:

sudo pvck /dev/sdb1

3. Volume Group Commands

3.1. vgs

This command provides volume group information in a configurable form, displaying one line per volume group.

sudo vgs
sudo vgs myvg

3.2. vgscan

Scans all supported LVM block devices in the system for volume groups and updates the LVM metadata cache.

sudo vgscan

3.3. vgdisplay

Displays volume group properties such as size, extents, number of physical volumes, and other details in a fixed format.

sudo vgdisplay
sudo vgdisplay myvg

3.4. vgcreate

Creates a new volume group.

Create a new volume group named myvg using the physical volume /dev/sdb1:

sudo vgcreate myvg /dev/sdb1

Prerequisite: The specified physical volumes must be initialized with pvcreate.

Note: Volume group names are case-sensitive. The new volume group's total capacity will be the sum of the capacities of the specified physical volumes. After creation, you can proceed to create logical volumes within it.

3.5. vgextend

Adds physical volumes to an existing volume group.

Add physical volume /dev/sdb2 to the volume group myvg:

sudo vgextend myvg /dev/sdb2

Prerequisite: The physical volumes to be added must already be initialized using pvcreate. After extending a volume group, you can use the additional space to extend existing logical volumes or create new ones.

3.6. vgreduce

Removes one or more physical volumes from a volume group.

Remove /dev/sdb2 from volume group myvg:

sudo vgreduce myvg /dev/sdb1

Note: You must first ensure the PV contains no allocated extents (use pvmove to relocate data). Otherwise, the command will fail unless forced, which can lead to data loss.

3.7. vgremove

Removes a volume group.

sudo vgremove myvg

Prerequisites: You must first remove all logical volumes within the volume group using lvremove. Also, ensure any filesystems mounted from those logical volumes are unmounted. After removal, the physical volumes become unallocated and can be repurposed.

3.8. vgchange

Changes the attributes of a volume group.

Activate (enable) the volume group myvg:

sudo vgchange -a y myvg

( -a y activates; -a n deactivates the volume group.)

3.9. vgrename

Renames a volume group.

sudo vgrename oldvg newvg

3.10. vgck

Checks the consistency of volume group metadata.

sudo vgck

The --updatemetadata flag rewrites VG metadata to correct inconsistencies:

sudo vgck --updatemetadata myvg -v

3.11. Other Commands

vgcfgbackup: Backs up volume group configurations.
vgcfgrestore: Restores volume group configuration.
vgconvert: Changes volume group metadata format.
vgexport: Unregisters volume group(s) from the system.
vgimport: Registers an exported volume group with the system.
vgimportclone: Imports a VG from cloned PVs.
vgmerge: Merges volume groups.
vgmknodes: Creates the special device files for volume groups in /dev.
vgsplit: Moves PVs into a new or existing volume group.

4. Logical Volume Commands

4.1. lvs

Provides logical volume information in a configurable form, displaying one line per logical volume.

sudo lvs
sudo lvs /dev/vg_name/lv_name
sudo lvs /dev/myvg/mylv

To list all LVs in a specific VG:

sudo lvs /dev/vg_name
sudo lvs /dev/myvg

4.2. lvscan

Scans for and lists all logical volumes in the system.

sudo lvscan

4.3. lvdisplay

Displays logical volume properties, such as size, layout, and mapping, in a fixed format.

sudo lvdisplay
sudo lvdisplay myvg/mylv

To display sizes in megabytes:

sudo lvdisplay --unit m myvg/mylv

4.4. lvcreate

Creates a new logical volume within a volume group.

Create a new LV named mylv in the myvg volume group with a size of 11 GB:

sudo lvcreate -L 11G -n mylv myvg

Format the newly created logical volume:

sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/myvg/mylv

Mount it:

sudo mkdir /mnt/point
sudo mount /dev/myvg/mylv /mnt/point

Unmount it:

sudo umount /mnt/point

4.5. lvextend

Extends the size of a logical volume.

Extend the mylv logical volume by 2 GB:

sudo lvextend -L +2G myvg/mylv

Resize the filesystem to use the new space:

sudo resize2fs /dev/myvg/mylv

Note: resize2fs may require a clean filesystem. If prompted, run sudo e2fsck -f /dev/myvg/mylv first.

For XFS filesystems, use xfs_growfs instead of resize2fs.

4.6. lvreduce

Reduces the size of a logical volume.

Reduce the logical volume mylv in the volume group myvg by 1 GB:

sudo lvreduce -L -1G myvg/mylv

Resize the file system (you may need to unmount the LV)

sudo resize2fs /dev/myvg/mylv

4.7. lvremove

Removes a logical volume.

Remove the logical volume mylv in the volume group myvg:

sudo lvremove myvg/mylv

Warning: This action is irreversible and will permanently destroy all data on the logical volume. Ensure any filesystems mounted from it are unmounted first.

4.8. lvchange

Changes the attributes and status of a logical volume, such as activation state or permission flags.

Deactivate the logical volume mylv in the volume group myvg:

sudo lvchange -a n myvg/mylv

Activate it:

sudo lvchange -a y myvg/mylv

Set the logical volume to read-only:

sudo lvchange -p r myvg/mylv

Set it back to read/write:

sudo lvchange -p rw myvg/mylv

4.9. lvrename

Renames a logical volume.

sudo lvrename myvg mylv mynewlv2

4.10. Other Commands

lvconvert: Changes logical volume layout (e.g., to/from mirrored, snapshot).
lvresize: A combined command that can extend or reduce a logical volume (use with the same caution as lvreduce).

5. Case Study 1 - Installing LVM and Manipulating Disks, PVs, VGs, LVs

5.0. Specs

We have a system installed without LVM.

Add a 20 GB disk and use it as a LV.
Add a 30 GB disk and extend the LV.
Add a 50 GB disk, extend the VG and move data to this disk.
Remove 20 GB and 30 GB disks.

The steps:

Install LVM.
Add a 20 GB disk.
Create a PV from the disk.
Create a VG from the PV.
Create an LV within the VG.
Create a filesystem on the LV.
Mount the filesystem.
Add a 30 GB disk.
Create a PV from the 2nd disk.
Extend the VG with this PV.
Extend the LV.
Extend the filesystem.
Add a 50 GB disk.
Create a PV from the 3rd disk.
Extend the VG with this PV.
Move data from the 20 GB and 30 GB disks to the 50 GB disk.
Remove the 20 GB and 30 GB disks as PVs.
Physically remove the 20 GB and 30 GB disks and verify everything works.

5.1. Install LVM Packages

sudo apt update
sudo apt -y install lvm2

5.2. Add 20 GB Disk

Output of lsblk -i command before adding the disk:

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda      8:0    0 22.9G  0 disk 
|-sda1   8:1    0   22G  0 part /
|-sda2   8:2    0    1K  0 part 
`-sda5   8:5    0  976M  0 part [SWAP]

For physical servers, you need to add the disk to the hardware. For virtual servers, you need to define it and attach it to the VM.

I'm adding a 20 GB disk to my VM.

Output of the lsblk -i command after adding the disk:

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda      8:0    0 22.9G  0 disk 
|-sda1   8:1    0   22G  0 part /
|-sda2   8:2    0    1K  0 part 
`-sda5   8:5    0  976M  0 part [SWAP]
sdb      8:16   0   20G  0 disk

This means my new disk is /dev/sdb. In the following steps, change /dev/sdb to your actual disk device name.

5.3. Create a PV from the Disk

Mark /dev/sdb as a Physical Volume:

sudo pvcreate /dev/sdb

5.4. Create a VG from the PV

Create a Volume Group named myvg using /dev/sdb:

sudo vgcreate myvg /dev/sdb

5.5. Create a LV within the VG

Create the Logical Volume using the maximum available space and name it mylv:

sudo lvcreate -l +100%FREE -n mylv myvg

5.6. Create a Filesystem in the LV

Format it as Ext4:

sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/myvg/mylv

5.7. Mount the FS

Create a mount point:

sudo mkdir /mnt/mylv

Mount mylv to the mount point /mnt/mylv:

sudo mount /dev/myvg/mylv /mnt/mylv

To make the mount persistent, add it to /etc/fstab:

sudo nano /etc/fstab

Add this line to the end of the file:

/dev/myvg/mylv    /mnt/mylv    ext4    defaults    0 0

Check with lsblk:

lsblk -i

Output:

NAME        MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda           8:0    0 22.9G  0 disk 
|-sda1        8:1    0   22G  0 part /
|-sda2        8:2    0    1K  0 part 
`-sda5        8:5    0  976M  0 part [SWAP]
sdb           8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
`-myvg-mylv 254:0    0   20G  0 lvm  /mnt/mylv

Check with df -h:

df -h

Output:

Filesystem             Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev                   457M     0  457M   0% /dev
tmpfs                   97M  544K   96M   1% /run
/dev/sda1               22G  1.8G   19G   9% /
tmpfs                  481M     0  481M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                  5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock
/dev/mapper/myvg-mylv   20G   44K   19G   1% /mnt/mylv
tmpfs                   97M     0   97M   0% /run/user/1000

Create some large files in the filesystem:

Create a directory for files:

sudo mkdir /mnt/mylv/tmp

Make it writable for everyone:

sudo chmod 777 /mnt/mylv/tmp

Create 3 files of 500 MB each:

< /dev/urandom tr -dc "[:space:][:print:]" | head -c500M > /mnt/mylv/tmp/file1
< /dev/urandom tr -dc "[:space:][:print:]" | head -c500M > /mnt/mylv/tmp/file2
< /dev/urandom tr -dc "[:space:][:print:]" | head -c500M > /mnt/mylv/tmp/file3

Check the contents:

ls -al /mnt/mylv/tmp

5.8. Add 30 GB Disk

I'm adding a 30 GB disk to my VM.

Output of lsblk -i after adding the disk:

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
NAME        MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda           8:0    0 22.9G  0 disk 
|-sda1        8:1    0   22G  0 part /
|-sda2        8:2    0    1K  0 part 
`-sda5        8:5    0  976M  0 part [SWAP]
sdb           8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
`-myvg-mylv 254:0    0   20G  0 lvm  /mnt/mylv
sdc           8:32   0   30G  0 disk

This means my new disk is /dev/sdc. Change /dev/sdc to your actual disk device name in the following steps.

5.9. Create a PV from the Second Disk

Mark /dev/sdc as a Physical Volume:

sudo pvcreate /dev/sdc

5.10. Extend the VG with This PV

Add /dev/sdc to the Volume Group myvg:

sudo vgextend myvg /dev/sdc

5.11. Extend the LV

Extend the mylv Logical Volume to use all available free space:

sudo lvextend -l +100%FREE  myvg/mylv

5.12. Extend the Filesystem

Resize the filesystem to use the new space:

sudo resize2fs /dev/myvg/mylv

Check the new size with df -h:

df -h

Output:

Filesystem             Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev                   457M     0  457M   0% /dev
tmpfs                   97M  548K   96M   1% /run
/dev/sda1               22G  3.2G   18G  16% /
tmpfs                  481M     0  481M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                  5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock
/dev/mapper/myvg-mylv   50G  1.5G   46G   4% /mnt/mylv

Add another large file:

< /dev/urandom tr -dc "[:space:][:print:]" | head -c500M > /mnt/mylv/tmp/file4

Check the contents:

ls -al /mnt/mylv/tmp

5.13. Add 50 GB Disk

I'm adding a 50 GB disk to my VM.

Output of lsblk -i after adding the disk:

NAME        MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda           8:0    0 22.9G  0 disk 
|-sda1        8:1    0   22G  0 part /
|-sda2        8:2    0    1K  0 part 
`-sda5        8:5    0  976M  0 part [SWAP]
sdb           8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
`-myvg-mylv 254:0    0   30G  0 lvm  /mnt/mylv
sdc           8:32   0   30G  0 disk 
`-myvg-mylv 254:0    0   30G  0 lvm  /mnt/mylv
sdd           8:48   0   50G  0 disk

This means my new disk is /dev/sdd. Change /dev/sdd to your actual disk device name in the following steps.

5.14. Create a PV from the 3rd Disk

Mark /dev/sdd as a Physical Volume:

sudo pvcreate /dev/sdd

5.15. Extend the VG with This PV

Add /dev/sdd to the Volume Group myvg:

sudo vgextend myvg /dev/sdd

5.16. Move Data from the 20 GB and 30 GB Disks to the 50 GB Disk

Move data from the 20 GB disk (sdb) to the 50 GB disk (sdd):

sudo pvmove /dev/sdb /dev/sdd

Move data from the 30 GB disk (sdc) to the 50 GB disk (sdd):

sudo pvmove /dev/sdc /dev/sdd

Note: These operations may take some time, depending on the amount of data.

5.17. Remove the 20 GB and 30 GB Disks as PVs

First, remove them from the Volume Group:

sudo vgreduce myvg /dev/sdb
sudo vgreduce myvg /dev/sdc

Now, remove the Physical Volume metadata from the disks:

sudo pvremove /dev/sdb
sudo pvremove /dev/sdc

5.18. Physically Remove the 20 GB and 30 GB Disks and Verify

At this step, we physically remove (or detach) the 20 GB and 30 GB disks from the system.

Output of lsblk -i after removing the disks:

NAME        MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda           8:0    0 22.9G  0 disk 
|-sda1        8:1    0   22G  0 part /
|-sda2        8:2    0    1K  0 part 
`-sda5        8:5    0  976M  0 part [SWAP]
sdb           8:16   0   50G  0 disk 
`-myvg-mylv 254:0    0   30G  0 lvm  /mnt/mylv

As you can see, /dev/sdd has become /dev/sdb, but this is not a problem. Our LVM configuration is still working correctly.

Check the contents to confirm data integrity:

ls -al /mnt/mylv/tmp

6. Case Study 2 - LVM and Snapshot

A snapshot creates a point-in-time copy of a Logical Volume (LV). When files are changed on the original volume after the snapshot is taken, the original data blocks are preserved in the snapshot space. This allows you to revert to the snapshot state if needed.

Because only changed data blocks are stored, snapshots typically require much less space than the original volume.

Important: If a snapshot becomes full (runs out of space to track changes), it becomes invalid and is automatically dropped, which can lead to data loss. Snapshots are resizable to prevent this.

6.0. Specs

We have a system installed with LVM. - Add a 20 GB disk and use it to extend the system (/) disk. - Add a 30 GB disk and add it to the existing Volume Group. - Create a snapshot of the root filesystem using space from the new 30 GB disk. - Make significant changes to the system and revert using the snapshot.

The steps:

Add a 20 GB disk.
Create a PV from the disk.
Extend the VG with this PV.
Extend the root LV.
Extend the filesystem.
Add a 30 GB disk.
Create a PV from the disk.
Extend the VG with this PV.
Create a snapshot of the system (root) disk.
Make some changes to the system disk.
Mount the snapshot and check its content.
Extend the snapshot.
Revert to the snapshot.

6.1. Add 20 GB Disk

Output of lsblk -i command before adding the disk:

NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda               8:0    0   20G  0 disk 
|-sda1            8:1    0  487M  0 part /boot
|-sda2            8:2    0    1K  0 part 
`-sda5            8:5    0 19.5G  0 part 
  |-myvg-root   254:0    0 18.6G  0 lvm  /
  `-myvg-swap_1 254:1    0  980M  0 lvm  [SWAP]

Note on Naming:

When installing with LVM, Debian lets you choose the VG name (I chose myvg). Debian names the root LV root. Ubuntu uses ubuntu-vg and ubuntu-lv by default.

In this section, replace myvg with your actual Volume Group name (ubuntu-vg for Ubuntu) in all commands.

Output of sudo pvs before adding the disk:

  PV         VG   Fmt  Attr PSize   PFree
  /dev/sda5  myvg lvm2 a--  <19.52g    0

Output of sudo lvscan before adding the disk:

  ACTIVE            '/dev/myvg/root' [18.56 GiB] inherit
  ACTIVE            '/dev/myvg/swap_1' [980.00 MiB] inherit

Output of df -h before adding the disk:

Filesystem             Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev                   458M     0  458M   0% /dev
tmpfs                   97M  544K   96M   1% /run
/dev/mapper/myvg-root   19G  1.6G   16G  10% /
tmpfs                  481M     0  481M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                  5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock
/dev/sda1              455M   98M  333M  23% /boot
tmpfs                   97M     0   97M   0% /run/user/1000

For physical servers, add the disk to the hardware. For virtual servers, define and attach it to the VM.

I'm adding a 20 GB disk to my VM.

Output of lsblk -i after adding the disk:

NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda               8:0    0   20G  0 disk 
|-sda1            8:1    0  487M  0 part /boot
|-sda2            8:2    0    1K  0 part 
`-sda5            8:5    0 19.5G  0 part 
  |-myvg-root   254:0    0 18.6G  0 lvm  /
  `-myvg-swap_1 254:1    0  980M  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb               8:16   0   20G  0 disk

This means my new disk is /dev/sdb. Change /dev/sdb to your actual disk device name in the following steps.

6.2. Create a PV from the Disk

Mark /dev/sdb as a Physical Volume:

sudo pvcreate /dev/sdb

6.3. Extend the VG with This PV

Add /dev/sdb to the Volume Group myvg:

sudo vgextend myvg /dev/sdb

6.4. Extend the LV

Extend the root LV to use all available free space:

sudo lvextend -l +100%FREE  myvg/root

6.5. Extend the Filesystem

Resize the filesystem to use the new space:

sudo resize2fs /dev/myvg/root

Output of df -h after expanding:

Filesystem             Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev                   458M     0  458M   0% /dev
tmpfs                   97M  548K   96M   1% /run
/dev/mapper/myvg-root   38G  1.6G   35G   5% /
tmpfs                  481M     0  481M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                  5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock
/dev/sda1              455M   98M  333M  23% /boot
tmpfs                   97M     0   97M   0% /run/user/1000

6.6. Add 30 GB Disk

I'm adding a 30 GB disk to my VM.

Output of lsblk -i command after adding the disk:

sda               8:0    0   20G  0 disk 
|-sda1            8:1    0  487M  0 part /boot
|-sda2            8:2    0    1K  0 part 
`-sda5            8:5    0 19.5G  0 part 
  |-myvg-root   254:0    0 38.6G  0 lvm  /
  `-myvg-swap_1 254:1    0  980M  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb               8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
`-myvg-root     254:0    0 38.6G  0 lvm  /
sdc               8:32   0   30G  0 disk

This means my new disk is /dev/sdc. Change /dev/sdc to your actual disk device name in the following steps.

6.7. Create a PV from the Disk

Mark /dev/sdc as a Physical Volume:

sudo pvcreate /dev/sdc

6.8. Extend the VG with This PV

Add /dev/sdc to the Volume Group myvg:

sudo vgextend myvg /dev/sdc

Important: Snapshots must be created within the same Volume Group as the original Logical Volume.

6.9. Create a Snapshot of the System Disk

Create a 2 GB snapshot named mysnapshot of the root LV:

sudo lvcreate --type snapshot -n mysnapshot -L 2G --snapshot /dev/myvg/root

Tip: Monitor snapshot usage with sudo lvs -o lv_name,lv_size,snap_percent,origin. If the usage nears 100%, extend it immediately.

6.10. Make Changes to the System Disk

To demonstrate the snapshot, we'll make significant changes by installing software:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y apache2 mariadb-server

Check the snapshot status to see if it's tracking changes:

sudo lvs -o lv_name,lv_size,origin

6.11. Mount the Snapshot and Check Its Content

Create a temporary mount point:

sudo mkdir /mnt/mysnapshot

Mount the snapshot (read-only is safer for inspection):

sudo mount -o ro /dev/myvg/mysnapshot /mnt/mysnapshot

Browse /mnt/mysnapshot to see the state of the root filesystem at the time the snapshot was taken (you won't see the newly installed packages).

Unmount it:

sudo umount /mnt/mysnapshot

6.12. Extend the Snapshot

If the snapshot is running low on space (check with sudo lvs), extend it to allow more changes to be tracked:

sudo lvextend -L+1G /dev/myvg/mysnapshot

6.13. Revert to the Snapshot

Reverting merges the snapshot back into the original volume, restoring it to the snapshot's state.

⚠️ Critical for Root Volume: Since the root (/) filesystem cannot be unmounted while the system is running, the merge is scheduled for the next boot.

Schedule the merge:

sudo lvconvert --merge myvg/mysnapshot

You will see a message like: "Delayed merge scheduled for activation after next activation."

Reboot the system. The merge will occur during the early boot process:

sudo reboot

Note: The snapshot LV (mysnapshot) will no longer exist after a successful merge.

7. Case Study 3 - Export and Import of LVM

It is possible to export and import entire Volume Groups (with their Logical Volumes) between systems. The process involves: unmounting the LVs, deactivating and exporting the VG, moving the physical disks to the new system, then importing, activating, and remounting the VG.

7.0. Specs

We have two systems installed without LVM: srva and srvb. We will create an LVM setup on srva, fill it with data, and then move the entire setup to srvb.

A. Prepare the first system (srva)
- -1. Install LVM on srva.
- -2. Add 20 GB disk to srva.
- -3. Create a PV from the disk.
- -4. Create a VG from the PV.
- -5. Create 2 LVs within the VG.
- -6. Create filesystems in the LV.
- -7. Mount the filesystems.
- -8. Put test data on the filesystems.
B. Export
- -9. Unmount the logical volumes.
- -10. Deactivate all logical volumes in the VG.
- -11. Export the VG and Unplug the disk.
C. Prepare the second system (srvb)
- -12. Install LVM on srvb.
- -13. Plug the disk into srvb.
D. Import
- -14. Import the volume group.
- -15. Activate the volume group.
- -16. Mount the logical volumes.

7.1. Install LVM on srva

sudo apt update
sudo apt -y install lvm2

7.2. Add 20 GB Disk to srva

Output of lsblk -i before adding the disk:

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda      8:0    0 22.9G  0 disk 
|-sda1   8:1    0   22G  0 part /
|-sda2   8:2    0    1K  0 part 
`-sda5   8:5    0  976M  0 part [SWAP]

For physical servers, add the disk to the hardware. For virtual servers, define and attach it to the VM.

I'm adding a 20 GB disk to my VM.

Output of lsblk -i after adding the disk:

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda      8:0    0 22.9G  0 disk 
|-sda1   8:1    0   22G  0 part /
|-sda2   8:2    0    1K  0 part 
`-sda5   8:5    0  976M  0 part [SWAP]
sdb      8:16   0   20G  0 disk

This means my new disk is /dev/sdb. Change /dev/sdb to your actual disk device name in the following steps.

7.3. Create a PV from the Disk

Mark /dev/sdb as a Physical Volume:

sudo pvcreate /dev/sdb

7.4. Create a VG from the PV

Create a Volume Group named myvg using /dev/sdb:

sudo vgcreate myvg /dev/sdb

7.5. Create 2 LVs within the VG

First LV is 10 GB:

sudo lvcreate -L 10G -n mylv1 myvg

Second LV uses the remaining space (~10 GB):

sudo lvcreate -l +100%FREE -n mylv2 myvg

7.6. Create Filesystems in the LVs

sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/myvg/mylv1
sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/myvg/mylv2

7.7. Mount the Filesystems

Create mount points:

sudo mkdir /mnt/mylv1
sudo mkdir /mnt/mylv2

Mount the LVs:

sudo mount /dev/myvg/mylv1 /mnt/mylv1
sudo mount /dev/myvg/mylv2 /mnt/mylv2

7.8. Put Test Data on the Filesystems

Make the mount points writable for everyone (for testing):

sudo chmod 777 /mnt/mylv1
sudo chmod 777 /mnt/mylv2

Create 2 files of 100 MB for each LV:

< /dev/urandom tr -dc "[:space:][:print:]" | head -c100M > /mnt/mylv1/d1f1
< /dev/urandom tr -dc "[:space:][:print:]" | head -c100M > /mnt/mylv1/d1f2
< /dev/urandom tr -dc "[:space:][:print:]" | head -c100M > /mnt/mylv2/d2f1
< /dev/urandom tr -dc "[:space:][:print:]" | head -c100M > /mnt/mylv2/d2f2

Check the contents:

ls -al /mnt/mylv1
ls -al /mnt/mylv2

7.9. Unmount Logical Volumes

sudo umount /mnt/mylv1
sudo umount /mnt/mylv2

7.10. Deactivate All Logical Volumes in the VG

Deactivate the entire Volume Group:

sudo vgchange -an myvg

Verify with pvscan (it should show the PV as belonging to myvg but not active):

sudo pvscan

7.11. Export the VG and Unplug the Disk

Export the Volume Group (this removes it from the system's LVM metadata cache):

sudo vgexport myvg

Now you can safely unplug or detach the 20 GB disk from srva.

Output of lsblk -i after removing the disk from srva:

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda      8:0    0 22.9G  0 disk 
|-sda1   8:1    0   22G  0 part /
|-sda2   8:2    0    1K  0 part 
`-sda5   8:5    0  976M  0 part [SWAP]

7.12. Install LVM on srvb

sudo apt update
sudo apt -y install lvm2

7.13. Plug the Disk into srvb

Output of lsblk -i on srvb before adding the disk:

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda      8:0    0 22.9G  0 disk 
|-sda1   8:1    0   22G  0 part /
|-sda2   8:2    0    1K  0 part 
`-sda5   8:5    0  976M  0 part [SWAP]

For physical servers, add the disk to the hardware. For virtual servers, define and attach it to the VM.

I'm adding the 20 GB disk to my srvb VM.

Output of lsblk -i after adding the disk to srvb:

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda      8:0    0 22.9G  0 disk 
|-sda1   8:1    0   22G  0 part /
|-sda2   8:2    0    1K  0 part 
`-sda5   8:5    0  976M  0 part [SWAP]
sdb      8:16   0   20G  0 disk

This means the disk is now /dev/sdb on srvb.

7.14. Import the Volume Group

Scan for and import the exported Volume Group myvg:

sudo vgimport myvg

7.15. Activate the Volume Group

Activate the Volume Group and its logical volumes:

sudo vgchange -ay myvg

7.16. Mount the Logical Volumes

Create mount points and mount the LVs:

sudo mkdir /mnt/mylv1 /mnt/mylv2
sudo mount /dev/myvg/mylv1 /mnt/mylv1
sudo mount /dev/myvg/mylv2 /mnt/mylv2

Verify the data is intact:

ls -al /mnt/mylv1
ls -al /mnt/mylv2

8. Uncovered Subjects

The following LVM subjects are not covered in this tutorial:

Striped logical volumes
RAID logical volumes
Thin-provisioned logical volumes
Cache logical volumes
Using shared storage (e.g., with iSCSI or Fibre Channel)
Fine-grained control of logical volume activation
Controlling physical extent allocation policies
LVM object tags